HOLLAND B.R., SPENCER H.G., WORTHY T.H.
& KENNEDY M. 2010. Identifying Cliques of Convergent
Characters: Concerted Evolution in the Cormorants and Shags. Syst.
Biol., 59(4): 433–445. [Abstract.
— A phylogenetic tree comprising clades with high bootstrap
values or other strong measures of statistical support is usually
interpreted as providing a good estimate of the true phylogeny.
Convergent evolution acting on groups of characters in concert,
however, can lead to highly supported but erroneous phylogenies.
Identifying such groups of phylogenetically misleading characters
is obviously desirable. Here we present a procedure that uses an
independent data source to identify sets of characters that have
undergone concerted convergent evolution. We examine the
problematic case of the cormorants and shags, for which trees
constructed using osteological and molecular characters both have
strong statistical support and yet are fundamentally incongruent.
We find that the osteological characters can be separated into
those that fit the phylogenetic history implied by the molecular
data set and those that do not. Moreover, these latter nonfitting
osteological characters are internally consistent and form groups
of mutually compatible characters or “cliques,” which
are significantly larger than cliques of shuffled characters.We
suggest, therefore, that these cliques of characters are the
result of similar selective pressures and are a signature of
concerted convergence.]
Yorio P., Copello S.,
Kuba L., Gosztonyi A. & Quintana F. 2010. Diet of Imperial
Cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps Breeding at Central Patagonia,
Argentina. Waterbirds, 33: 70–78. [Abstract. — Diets of breeding
Imperial Cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps were studied at two
breeding colonies, Islas Blancas and Isla Arce, located
approximately 30 km apart in an area subject to increasing
fishing pressure off Central Patagonia, Argentina. The goal was
to assess differences between locations and diet variation among
stages of the breeding cycle. Pellet casts (403 and 358 pellets
per colony, respectively) were collected from November 2002 to
February 2003. Analyses of the pellets revealed that Imperial
Cormorants at Islas Blancas and Isla Arce fed on at least 25 and
23 prey types, respectively. Fish showed the highest frequency of
occurrence at both colonies (> 70%), followed by crustaceans
and molluscs. Of the fish prey, Merluccius hubbsi (22–71%),
Engranlis anchoita (16–51%) and Raneya brasiliensis (5–48%)
showed the highest frequencies of occurrence, depending on the
colony and breeding stage. At Islas Blancas, the consumption of
fish and crustaceans was similar among breeding stages (incubation,
young chicks and old chicks), while it was significantly
different at Isla Arce. Overall contribution by frequency of
occurrence showed that M. hubbsi was the most frequent prey at
Islas Blancas (58%), and E. anchoita and Pleoticus muelleri were
more frequent at Isla Arce (48 and 45%, respectively). Also,
overall contribution by mass of the main fish prey indicated
differences between colonies. Given the commercial value of the
main prey species, cormorant feeding requirements and spatial
ecological needs should be included as considerations in coastal
fisheries management and future development.]
2009
2008
2007
HUGHES J. KENNEDY M., JOHNSON K.P.,
PALMA R.P. & PAGE R.D.M. 2007. Multiple Cophylogenetic
Analyses Reveal Frequent Cospeciation between Pelecaniform Birds
and Pectinopygus Lice. Syst. Biol., 56(2): 232–251. [Abstract. Lice in the
genus Pectinopygus parasitize a single order of birds (Pelecaniformes).
To examine the degree of congruence between the phylogenies of 17
Pectinopygus species and their pelecaniform hosts, sequences from
mitochondrial 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COI, and nuclear wingless and
EF1-a genes (2290 nucleotides) and frommitochondrial 12S rRNA,
COI, and ATPases 8 and 6 genes (1755 nucleotides) were obtained
for the lice and the birds, respectively. Louse data partitions
were analyzed for evidence of incongruence and evidence of long-branch
attraction prior to cophylogenetic analyses. Host-parasite
coevolution was studied by different methods: TreeFitter, TreeMap,
ParaFit, likelihood-ratio test, data-based parsimony method, and
correlation of coalescence times. All methods agree that there
has been extensive cospeciation in this host-parasite system, but
the results are sensitive to the selection of different
phylogenetic hypotheses and analytical methods for evaluating
cospeciation. Perfect congruence between phylogenies is not found
in this association, probably as a result of occasional host
switching by the lice. Errors due to phylogenetic reconstruction
methods, incorrect or incomplete taxon sampling, or to different
loci undergoing different evolutionary histories cannot be
rejected, thus emphasizing the need for improved cophylogenetic
methodologies.]
Quintana F., Wilson R.P. &
Yorio P. 2007. Dive depth and plumage air in wettable birds: the
extraordinary case of the imperial cormorant. MEPS, 334: 299-310.
[Abstract.
Cormorants are considered to be remarkably efficient divers and
hunters. In part, this is due to their wettable plumage with
little associated air, which allows them to dive with fewer
energetic costs associated with buoyancy from air in the feathers.
The literature attributes particularly exceptional diving
capabilities to cormorants of the ‘blue-eyed’ taxon. We
studied the diving behaviour of 14 male imperial cormorants Phalacrocorax
atriceps (included in the blue-eyed taxon) in
Patagonia, Argentina, and found that this species did indeed dive
deeper, and for longer, than most other non-blue-eyed cormorant
species. This species also exhibited longer dive durations for
any depth as well as longer recovery periods at the surface for
particular dive durations. We propose that this, coupled with
atypically long foraging durations at sea in cold water, suggests
that cormorants of the blue-eyed complex have a plumage with a
substantial layer of insulating air. This is given credence by a
simple model. High volumes of plumage air lead to unusually high
power requirements during foraging in shallow, warmer waters,
which are conditions that tend to favour wettable plumage.
However, deep dives and/or cold water should favour the blue-eyed
phenotype, which explains their essentially high latitude
distribution.]
Kalmbach E. & Becker P. H. 2005. Growth
and survival of neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax
brasilianus) chicks in relation to hatching order and brood
size. Journal of Ornithology, 146(2): 91-98.
Gil de Weir K., Weir E., Casler C.
& Aniyar S. Ecological Functions and Economic Value of the
Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus
in Los Olivitos Estuary, Venezuela. [Abstract. We determined the
ecological function and economic value of a colony of piscivorous
Neotropic Cormorants at the Los Olivitos Wildlife Refuge and
Fisheries Reserve (WRFR), Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Colony size
increased from 17,000 to approximately 40,000 in two years. Lake
Maracaibo supports one of the most productive artesinal fisheries
in Venezuela and the cormorant colony comprises 2 km of coastal
mangrove. Neotropic Cormorants and fishermen use the same area,
but do they compete? What is the ecological role of the Neotropic
Cormorant in that area? To study the economic value of Neotropic
Cormorants, we established ecological functions in the area of
interest. Where, how many and how much do they feed? An
ecological study of abundance, distribution and diet of Neotropic
Cormorants was undertaken from 1999 to 2001. Abundance and
distribution was discerned from monthly censuses and dietary
composition was obtained via stomach and pellet analysis. An
economic study was developed to estimate the economic impact and
value of the Neotropic Cormorant population using four ecological-economic
functions 1) Harvesting cormorants for food M(N), 2) Cormorants
as contributors to fish diversity FD(N), 3) Cormorants as
indicators of presence of fish schools S(N) and 4) Cormorants as
contributors to fish biomass due to guano production B(GN). These
functions were established after literature review and selection
of goods, services, and attributes provided by Neotropic
Cormorants in Los Olivitos Estuary and feasible for the study.
The economic Total Value of the Neotropic Cormorant Population TV
(N) was defined as the value of Cormorants to fishermen; changes
in cormorant numbers would imply changes in the fishermen’s
well-being. Ecological results indicated the population is
increasing exponentially. Eighty-three percent of the population
fed outside of the WRFR. Diet consisted mostly of 19 fish species
in four families (Ariidae, Engraulidae, Gerreidae and Bothidae),
and one shrimp. Monthly changes in dietary composition were
observed. Average daily consumption was 225g, but before
migration, birds may consume 800g/day. Based on the list of 9
commercial species consumed and fish size, no competition
occurred. Estimated values of S(N), M(N) and FD(N) were positive,
but B(GN) was negative.The Net Value of the Neotropic Cormorant
population obtained only from S(N) + B(G,N) was $6,793,871/year.
The Neotropical Cormorant population does not presently compete
with artisanal fisheries in Lake Maracaibo, but if habitat is not
a limiting factor and numbers of birds continue to increase,
future conflicts could arise. This relationship offers unique
opportunities to develop an integral ecological and economic
dynamic model to study different scenarios to establish
management policies for Neotropic Cormorants and artesinal
fisheries, aquaculture, fish diversity and conservation.]
Casaux R., Favero M., Silva P. & Baroni
A. 2001. Sex differences in diving depths and diet of Antarctic
Shags at the South Shetland Islands JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY,
72(1): 22-29
Burger J. & Gochfeld M. 2001. Metal
levels in feathers of cormorants, flamingos, and gulls from the
coast of Namibia in southern Africa. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 69: 195-203.
Dorfman E. J. & Kingsford M. J. 2001.
Environmental determinants of distribution and foraging behaviour
of cormorants (Phalacrocorax spp.) in temperate
estuarine habitats. Marine Biology, 138(1): 1-10. --- The distribution and
behaviour of cormorants in esturarine environments was examined
on the central coast of New South Wales, Australia, with respect
to habitat associations at different spatial scales. No
consistent variation in abundance was found for four species of
cormorants (great Phalacrocorax carbo, pied P. varius, little
back P. sulcirostris, and little pied P. melanoleucos) with state
of tide (high and low) and time of day (early, middle, and late)
at five stuarine locations. ---
Filardi C.E. & Rohwer S. 2001. Life
history implications of complete and incomplete primary molts in
Pelagic cormorants. The Condor, 103(3): 555-569. --- We describe the rules of primary flight-feather
replacement for Pelagic Cormorants (Phalacrocorax pelagicus), and
contrast the completeness of primary replacement in individuals
from Asia and North America. In adult Pelagic Cormorants primary
replacement is stepwise, with multiple waves of molt, each
initiated at the innermost primary (P1), proceeding
simultaneously toward the tip of the wing. Shugart and Rohwer's (1996)
ontogenetic model for generating and maintaining stepwise primary
replacement depended upon incomplete molts. In each new episode
of molt, waves of primary replacement were thought to be
initiated at P1 and at each arrested wave that had failed to
replace all old feathers in the preceding molt. Because most
adult Pelagic Cormorants from North America completely replace
their primaries but maintain stepwise primary molts, the latter
assumption must be relaxed. In contrast to the present-day
situation in North America, Pelagic Cormorants from northeastern
Asia have incomplete molts of their primaries, and may be forced
to skip breeding in some years to clear their wings of overworn
primaries. Young birds from Asia start the replacement of their
juvenile primaries later than North American birds and replace
more feathers simultaneously.
Frere, E. & Gandini P.A. 2001. Aspects
of the breeding biology of the red-legged Cormorant Phalacrocorax
gaimardi on the Atlantic coast of South America. Mar. Orn.
29: 67 - 70. [Abstract.
Red-legged Cormorants Phalacrocorax
gaimardi breed in Argentina, Chile and peru. In Argentina
their breeding range is restricted to a short section of
coastline in southern Patagonia. We studied two colonies located
on high rocky cliffs, 2 to 4 m above the high tide line. At one
colony, nests were protected from prevailing winds whereas at the
other colony most of the nests were exposed. Of active nests, 15
% had two eggs, 66 % had three eggs, and 19 % had four eggs, to
give a mean cluch size of 3.04 0.47. Egg dimensions were 60.3 2.4
x 37.1 1.4 mm. The incubation period ranged from 34 days to 38
days with chicks hatching from mid-November to the first week of
December. Red-legged Cormorants lay more and smaller eggs than do
those of two sympatric cormorant species, the Rock Cormorant P.
magellanicus and the Imperial Cormorant P. atriceps,
probably as a result of differences in foraging ranges. Avian
predation on eggs seems to be an important mortality factor for
this species and wind has also an important effect on breeding
success, possibly exacerbating avian predation.]
Huner J. V. & Jeske C. 2001.
Observations on the occurrence and food habits of double-crested
cormorants and neotropic cormorants in south Louisiana crawfish
ponds: The journal of Louisiana ornithology, 5(1): 22-30.
Kato A., Watanuki Y. & Naito Y. 2001.
Foraging and breeding performance of Japanese cormorants in
relation to prey type. Ecological Research, 16(4): 745-758. [Seabirds are high trophic predators in
marine ecosystems and are sensitive to change in food supply and
thus seabirds can be used as monitors of the marine environment.
In order to study the foraging responses of Japanese cormorants
Phalacrocorax filamentosus breeding at Teuri Island, Hokkaido to
changes in fish availability, the diet was assessed from the
regurgitations of parents and chicks, and diving behaviour was
measured by using time-depth recorders. Breeding performance (brood
size, chick growth, breeding success) was monitored using
conventional methods to study their breeding responses. Japanese
cormorants changed the diet and foraging behaviour over four
summers. The birds fed mainly on epipelagic schooling fish when
they were available and on demersal fish when pelagic fish
availability was low. They tended to dive deeper and longer in a
year when they fed mainly on demersal fish than the other years,
reflecting the change in the depth distribution of prey fish.
Chick growth rate did not differ among years, but fledging
success was lower in the years of demersal fish as their meal
delivery rate was low. When epipelagic schooling fish were
considered scare, parents maintained chick growth by reducing
brood size. High variability and unpredictability in pelagic fish
abundance are key factors affecting the foraging and breeding
performance of Japanese cormorants, which could potentially be
used to monitor fish resources.]
Matthews D. 2001. SEABIRD SANCTUARY.
Spurred by a cormorant with a broken wing, a young zoologist
established a Florida hospital for battered birds that evolved
into a leading wildlife rehabilitation organization. Wildlife
Conservation, 104(5): 22-27.
Quintana F. 2001. Foraging behaviour and
feeding locations of Rock Shags Phalacrocorax magellanicus
from a colony in Patagonia, Argentina. Ibis, 143: 547-553.
Kato A., Watanuki Y., Nisiumi I., Kuroki M.,
Shaughnessy P. & Naito Y. 2000. Variation in foraging and
parental behavior of King Cormorants. The Auk, 117: 718-730. [ We studied sexual and individual
differences in foraging and parental behavior of King Cormorants
(Phalacrocorax albiventer) rearing chicks were studied at
subantarctic Macquarie Island. Females dived mainly in the
morning and males in the afternoon. Five females were shallow
divers (1.9 to 6.8 m) and seven were deep divers (19.6 to 28.0 m),
but males dived even deeper (15.6 to 44.2 m) than both type of
females. In King Cormorant, males were 16% heavier than females
and the body mass was not different between deep divers and
shallow divers of females. The percentage of bottom time to dive
cycle was larger for shallow diving females (40 ± 13%) than
males (26 ± 4%) and deep-diving females (27 ± 3%). Total daily
dive time and bottom time did not differ between males, deep- and
shallow-diving females, because shallow-diving females dived more
frequently (211 ± 81 dives per day) than males (68 ± 21 dives
per day) and deep-diving females (70 ± 7 dives per day). Meal
delivery rate, trip duration and percentage of time at sea did
not differ between males, deep- and shallow-diving females.
Females, especially shallow divers, compensated their shallow and
short dives with more frequent dives. Consequently male and
female cormorants provisioned their chicks at a similar rate, in
spite of large sexual and individual variation in foraging
behavior.]
Powlesland R.G. & Luke I.J. 2000.
Breeding biology of Little Shags (P. melanoleucos) at Lindale,
Wellington. Notornis 47: 1-5.
Sievert R., Filardi C.E., Bostwick K.S.
& Peterson T.A. 2000. A critical evaluation of Kenyon's shag
(Phalacrocorax [stictocarbo] kenyoni).
The Auk, 117(2): 308-320. --- We
examine the validity of Phalacrocorax [Stictocarbo] kenyoni,
which was described by Siegel-Causey (1991) from the Aleutian
Islands using midden remains and existing skeletal specimens. We
emphasize a morphometric evaluation of the taxon using 224
skeletal specimens of North Pacific cormorants, but we also
evaluate the qualitative characters originally used to
characterize P. kenyoni. Principal components and discriminant
function analyses of 14 skeletal characters failed to support the
validity of the species. Similarly, all seven of the character
states that Seigel-Causey described as unique to P. kenyoni also
were found in P. pelagicus and P. urile. Thus, the three type
specimens of P. kenyoni appear to be P. pelagicus. Although we
could not confirm the validity of P. kenyoni, our morphometric
analyses revealed that P. pelagicus individuals from the central
Aleutians are smaller than those from surrounding populations.
Received 21 December 1998, accepted 20 July 1999.
Carney K. M. & Sydeman W. J. 1999. A
review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial
waterbirds. Waterbirds, 22(1): 68-79.
Crawford R. J. M., Dyer B. M., Cordes I.
& Williams A. J. 1999. Seasonal pattern of breeding,
population trend and conservation status of bank cormorants Phalacrocorax
neglectus off south western Africa. Biological Conservation,
87(1): pp. 49.
Dinsmore S. J. 1999. Neotropic Cormorant at
Sutherland Reservoir. The Nebraska bird review, 67(2): 72.
Kato A., Watanuki Y., Shaughnessy P. D., Le
Maho Y. & Naito Y. 1999. Intersexual differences in the
diving behavior of foraging subantarctic cormorant (Phalacrocorax
albiventer) and Japanese cormorant (P.filamentosus).
C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la vie/ Life Sciences, 322,
557-562. [Cormorants feed by
feet-propelled diving. How cormorants optimize foraging is of a
particular interest in relation to the understanding of the
feeding strategies of diving birds, as well as within the debate
about cormorants impact on sustainable resources. Using microdata
loggers that recorded diving depth, we investigated the foraging
strategy of males and females of subantarctic cormorants, which
inhabit cold regions, and of Japanese cormorants, which live in
the northern temperature zone. For both species, males and
females daily spent the same amount of time submerged, and
apparently captured the same amount of fish. However, males dived
deeper and longer, which could be explained by their 15-20%
larger body mass and may minimize potential competition for food.]
Lethaby N. & Moores N. 1999.
Identification of Temminck's Cormorant. Dutch birding, 21(1): 1.
Nascetti G., Mattiucci S., Cianchi R.,
Berland B., Bullini & Paggi L. 2000. Genetic relationships
among Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae),
parasites of cormorants and pelecans of the Boreal Region. In: 8th
European Multicolloqium of Parasitology (EMOP VIII). Poznan,
Polen, 10-14/9/2000. Acta Parasitologica 2000; 45(3):153.
Quintana F. 1999. Diving behavior of Rock
Shags at a Patagonian colony of Argentina. Waterbirds, 22(3): 466-471.
Tovar S., Humberto. 1999. Desarollo
poblacional de aves guaneras. Bol. Lima, no. 115: 101-112. --- The population development of the so-called
guano birds (Guanay Cormorant Phalacrocorax bougainvillii,
Peruvian Booby Sula variegata, Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus)
is analyzed for the period 1961 - 1989. In 1963 the bird
population reached a maximum of 18 million. In 1966 descended to
4.7 million and stayed bellow 4 million in the following years.
This was mainly caused by the industrial fish catch compounded in
some years by the El Niño phenomena. Guano production was
reduced accordingly from 250 metric tons in 1964 to 18.7 in 1989.
---
Zavalaga C.B. & Paredes R. 1999.
Foraging behaviour and diet of the guanay cormorant. S. Afr. J.
Mar. Sci., 21: 251-258.
Coldren M. K. et al. 1998. First Neotropic
Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae),
breeding record for Arkansas. Southwest. Nat. 43: 496--498. (301
Krenek Tap #65, College Station, TX 77840, USA.) ---Breeding in
mixed species heronry in Lafayette County in 1996.---
Hebschi, A. 1998. Foraging site preferences
of Brandt's Cormorants off the Santa Cruz, California, coast.
Colon. Waterbirds 21: 245--250. (Dept. Biol., Univ. Calif., Santa
Cruz, CA 95064, USA; EM: ahebsch@prbo.org)---Phalacrocorax
penicillatus foraging alone or in groups prefer areas less
affected by heavy winds and seas; solitary foragers occur more
often in rocky reef habitats than in habitats with sandy bottoms.---
Kato A., Watanuki Y. & Naito Y. 1998.
Benthic and pelagic foraging of two Japanese cormorants,
determined by similtaneous recording of location and diving
activity. J. Yamashima Inst. Ornithol., 30: 101-108. [One male and one female Japanese cormorants,
Phalacrocorax filamentosus, breeding at Terui Island, Hokkaido,
foraged within 5 km of the island and in the strait between the
island and mainland (17-27 km from the island). The foraging
range of Japanese cormorants appeared to be limited to the
neritic water between 10 and 60 m sea depth, where the seabed
sediment was mainly rock and sand. Both birds showed high
foraging site fidelity, with the male foraging to the south-east
and the female to the north-east of the island. The male
sometimes foraged in shallow water (<40 m), possibility
feeding demersal fish. In deep water (>40 m), the male may
have fed on epipelagic schooling fish. In contrast, the female
did not reach the sea-bottom in deep or shallow waters, and it
may have fed on epipelagic schooling fish.]
Hobson K.A. Pelagic Cormorant. (Phalacrocorax
pelagicus). In: A. Poole & F. Gill (eds.), The
Birds of North America Inc. No. 282, pp. 28.
Gawlik D. E. et al. 1998. Long-term trends
in population and community measures of colonial-nesting
waterbirds in Galveston Bay Estuary [Texas]. Colon. Waterbirds 21:
143--151. (Everglades Systems Res. Div., S. Florida Water Distr.,
3301 Gun Club Rd., West Palm Beach, FL 33406, USA; EM: dale.gawlik@sfwmd.gov).
--- From 1973-1990 populations
of Roseate Spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja, Snowy Egret, Egretta
thula, and Black Skimmer, Rynchops niger, decreased
significantly; Neotropical Cormorants, Phalacrocorax
brasilianus, and Sandwich Tern, Sterna sandvicensis
increased. Changes thought due to loss of coastal marsh and
increased feeding conditions outside Galveston Bay.---
Grémillet D. & Wilson R. P. 1998. A
remote-controlled net trap for ground-nesting cormorants. Seabird,
20: 44-47.
Mills K.L. 1998. Multispecies seabird
feeding flocks in the Galapagos Islands. The Condor, 100(2): 277-285.
--- I examined the species
composition, frequency, distance offshore, and duration of
multispecies seabird feeding flocks in the Galapagos Islands,
Ecuador. Flocks were comprised of Galapagos Penguins (Spheniscus
mendiculus), Flightless Cormorants (Campsohaelius
ANannopterumB harrisi), Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis),
Brown Noddies (Anous stolidus), Blue-footed (Sula nebouxii) and
Masked Boobies (Sula dactylatra), Magnificent Frigatebirds (Fregata
magnificens), and Audubon Shearwaters (Puffinus Iherminieri).
Quintana F. & Yorio P. 1998. Kelp Gull Larus
dominicanus predation on an Imperial Cormorant Phalacrocorax
atriceps colony in Patagonia. Mar. Orn., 26: 84-85.
Wallace E.A.H. & Wallace G.E. Brandt's
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus). In: A.
Poole & F. Gill (eds.), The
Birds of North America Inc.,
No. 362, pp. 28.
Albrieu C. & Navarro J. L . 1997. [Location
and population size of cormorant colonies in the Deseado estuary,
Santa Cruz, Argentina.] El Hornero 14(4): 243--246. ---Colonial
nesting of Phalacrocorax gaimardi, Phalacrocorax
magellanicus and Phalacrocorax olivaceus, with data
on distribution and characteristics of the colonies and
conservation.---
Dinsmore S. J. 1997. First record of a
Neotropic Cormorant for Iowa. Iowa Bird Life, 67: 131-132. (6122
W. Magnolia, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA). [a Phalacrocorax
brasilianus photographed on 4 May 1996 in Decatur Co.]
Doherty J.L. & Brager S. 1997. The
breeding population of Spotted Shags (Stictocarbo punctatus
punctatus) on Banks Peninsula (New Zealand). Notornis, 44:
49-56.
Green K. 1997. Biology of the Heard Island
Shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 1. Breeding behaviour. Emu,
97: 60-66.
Green K. 1997. Biology of the Heard Island
Shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 2. Breeding. Emu, 97: 67-75.
Green K. & Williams R. 1997. Biology of
the Heard Island Shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 3. Foraging,
diet and diving behaviour. Emu, 97: 76-83.
Grémillet D. 1997. Catch per unit effort,
foraging efficiency, and parental investment in breedíng Great
Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo carbo). ICES J. Mar. Sci., 54:
635-644.
Hobson K.A. Pelagic Cormorant. (Phalacrocorax pelagicus). In:
A. Poole & F. Gill (eds.), The
Birds of North America Inc.
No. 282, pp. 28.
Jackson C. E. 1997. Fishing with cormorants.
Arch. Nat. Hist., 24: 189-211.
Pence D. B. et al. 1997. New records of
subcutaneous mites (Acari: Hypoderatidae) in birds, with examples
of potential host colonization events. J. Med. Entomol. 34: 411--416.
(Dept. Pathol., Texas Tech Univ., Health Sci. Ctr., Lubbock, TX
79430, USA.). --- Host records
from 14 avian species, including herons, ibis, egrets, storks,
pelicans, cormorants and puffins.---
Pence D. B & Newman S. 1997. Neottialges
neopelagicus new species (Acari, Hypoderatidae) from the
Pelagic cormorant (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae, Pelecaniformes).
Journal of Medical Entomology, 34(1): 33-37.
Siegel-Causey D. 1997. Molecular variation
and biogeography of Rock Shags. Condor, 99: 139-150.
Barera-OroE.R. & Casaux R.J. 1996.
Fish as a diet of the Blue-eyed Shag at Halfmoon Island, South
Shetland Islands. Cybium, 20: 37-45.
Dorfam E.J.
& Read J. 1996. Nest predation by corvids on cormorants in
Australia. Emu, 96: 132-135.
Kato A., Y.
Naito, Y. Watanuki &
Shaughnessy P. D. 1996. Diving pattern and stomach temperatures
of foraging King cormorants at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island.
Condor, 98(4): 844-848.
Kopij G. 1996. Breeding and feeding ecology
of the Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus in the
Orange Free State, South Africa. Acta Ornithol. (Warsaw) 31: 89--99.
(Dept. Zool. & Entomol., Univ. Orange Free State, P.O. Box
339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa). ---Information on hatching
and fledging success, adult activity patterns and diet.---
Lea S. E. G. et al. 1996. Diving patterns
in shags and cormorants (Phalacrocorax): tests of an
optimal breathing model. Ibis, 138: 391--398. (Dept. Psychol.,
Univ. Exeter, Washington Singer Lab., Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.) --- Comparative study between Phalacrocorax
aristotelis, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Phalacrocorax
carbo and Phalacrocorax varius.---
Malacalza V.E. & Navas J.R . 1996.
Biologia y ecologia reproductiva de Phalacrocorax albiventer (Aves:
Phalacrocoracidae) en Punta Leon, Chubut, Argentina. Orn. Neotrop,
7: 53-61.
Reese P.R., Powlesland R. & Cornick D.
1996. Nesting of the Pied Shag (Phalacrocorax varius) at
Makara Beach, Welllington (New Zealand). Notornis, 43: 212-213.
Spencer H.G., M. Kennedy & Gray R. D.
1996. An observation of aggressive nest defence in the Pitt
Island Shag (Stictocarbo featherstoni). Notornis, 43:
208-210.
Taylor M. J. 1996. A Pied Shag (Phalacrocorax
varius) beating the surface of the water while fishing.
Notornis, 43: 211.
Watanuki Y. Kato A. & Naito Y. 1996.
Diving performance of male and female Japanese cormorants.
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74: 1098-1109. [Sexual differences in the diving behavior
of the sexually dimorphic Japanese Cormorant, Phalacrocorax
capillatus (males are 26% heavier than females), were studied at
Terui Island, Hokkaido, using time-depth recorders. A typical
dive cycle involved a rapid descent phase, a bottom phase where
they remained for a while, an ascent phase, and postdive surface
phase. Depth and duration across individual birds were greater
for males (15.1 ± 3.7(mean ± SD) m,37 ± 5 s, respectively)
than those for females (7.2 ± 2.4 m , 24 ± 4 s, respectively).
While submerged, females spent a similar propotion of time during
the bottom phase to males, hence foraging efficiency (propotion
of time at the bottom to total dive cycle time) did not differ
berween the sexes. No sexual differences were found in descent
and ascent rates, dive bout duration, or time spent underwater
per day. No significant effects of dive duration on postdive
surface time were observed for either sex, indicating that birds
dived within an aerobic dive limit. However, mean dive durations
and maximum dive durations for individual birds were a function
of body mass to the power 1.49 and 1.87, respectively, suggesting
that body mass partly constrains the diving behavior of this
opportunistically feeding cormorant.]
Wanink J. H. 1996. Foraging locations of
kingfishers and cormorants at Lake Victoria depend on the
distribution of harvestable prey. Afr. J. Ecol., 34: 90-93.
Wilson R. P. & Grémillet D. 1996. Body
temperatures of free living African penguins (Spheniscus
demersus) and Bank cormorants (Phalacrocorax neglectus).
Journal Experimental Biology, 199(10): 2215-2223.
Emslie S.D. 1995. A Catastrophic Death
Assemblage of a New Species of Cormorant and Other Seabirds from
the Late Pliocene of Florida. Journal of vertebrate paleontology,
15(2): 313-
Gandini P. & Frere E. 1995.
Distribucion, abundancia, y ciclo reproductivo del cormoran gris Phalacrocorax
gaimardi en la costa Patagonica, Argentina. Hornero, 14: 57-60.
Gosselin, M. 1995. [A poorly known bird
family: Phalacrocoracidae.] Québec Oiseaux 6(2): 18--20. (Can.
Mus. Nat., P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Can.)---General
presentation of N. American cormorants. (French.)---
Grémillet D. D. 1995. "Wing-drying"
in cormorants. J. Avian Biol., 26: 176.
Hustler K. 1995. Cormorant and Darter prey
size selection under experimental conditions. Ostrich 66: 109--113.
(P.O. Box 159, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe).
Kasoma P. M. B. 1995. Cormorant
regurgitation. and scavenging by large water birds at an avian
loafing site in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Afr. J.
Ecol., 33: 294-296.
Keith J. A. 1995. Management policies for
cormorants in Canada. Colonial Waterbirds, 18: 234-237.
Monadjem A. & Owen-Smithy R.N. 1995.
The influence of water depth on foraging location of two species
of kingfisher and two species of cormorant on the Sabie River
within the Kruger National Park. Afr. J. Ecol. 33: 81-83.
Telfair II R. C. 1995. Neotropic Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax brasilianus) population trends and dynamics
in Texas. Bull. Texas Ornithol. Soc. 28: 7--16. (Texas Parks
& Wildl. Dept., Manage. & Res. Stn., 11942 FM 848, Tyler,
TX 75707, USA.)---After drastic population declines in the 1960's,
populations have steadily increased. Banding data yield
additional information.---
Telfair II R. C. & Morrison M. L 1995.
Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus. Pp. 1-24 in:
The birds of North America, No. 137. Poole A. & Gill F. (eds.),
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and AOU,
Washington, D.C., USA.
Valle C. A. 1995. Effective population size
and demography of the rare Flightless Galapagos cormorant.
Ecological Applications, 5(3): 601-617.
Wilson R. P. & Wilson M. P . 1995.
Buoyancy and depth utilisation in foraging Cormorants: wet
feathers and that sinking feeling. Gerfaut, 85: 41--47. (Inst.
Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105, Germany.)---Phalacrocorax
carbo, Phalacrocorax neglectus, Phalacrocorax
capensis, Phalacrocorax coronatus.---
Malacalza V.E., T.I. Poretti &
Bertelloti N.M. 1994. La dieta de Phalacrocorax albiventer en
Punta Leon (Chubut, Argentina) durante la temporada reproductiva.
Orn. Neotrop, 5: 91--97.
Sheppard Y. 1994/5. Cormorants and pelicans.
Birds of the Wild 3(4):30-35.
van Tets G. F. 1994. Do cormorants eat
freshwater mussels ? If not what does ? Emu, 94: 127-128.
Casaux R. J. & Barreraoro E. R. 1993.
The diet of the Blue-eyed shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps
bransfieldensis feeding in the Bransfield Strait. Antarctic
Science, 5(4): 335-338.
Lefeure C. 1993.
Las aves en los yacimientos del archipiélago del Cabo de Hornos
y del Seno Grandi. [Birds from the graves of Cabo de Hornos and
Seno Grandi.] Ans. Inst. Patagonia Ser. Cs. Hs., 22: 123-136. (URA
1415 du CNRS, Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat., 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris,
France.)---Most abundant fossils at these sites on the southern
coast of Chile are albatrosses, shearwaters, cormorants, and
their allies.---
Martin P. (ED.).
1994. WHITEBREASTED CORMORANTS & KELP GULLS. Bee-eater; 45(4):
57.
Spear L. B. 1993.
Dynamics and effect of Western gulls feeding in a colony of
Guillemots and Brandts Cormorants. Journal of Animal Ecology, 62(3):
399-414.
Symens P., van
den Berg A.B. & Keijl G.O. 1993. Morphology and distribution
of Socotra Cormorant in Saudi Arabia. Dutch birding, 15(5): 215-
Bamber T. B. 1992. Flight speed of
cormorant. Br. Birds 85: 237.
Chapdelaine G. & Brousseau P. 1992.
Distribution, abundance and changes of seabird populations of the
Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, 1979 to 1989. Can. Field-Nat., 106: 427-434.
Douthwaite R. J. et al. 1992. DDT residues
and mercury levels in Reed Cormorants on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe:
Hazard Assessment. Ostrich, 63: 123-127. (Tsetse Trypanosomiasis
Control Br., P.O. Box 8283, Causeway, Zimbabwe.).
Humphries P., G. A. Hyndes and Potter I. C.
1992. Comparisons between the diets of distant taxa (Teleost and
Cormorant) in an Australian estuary. Estuaries, 15: 327-334.
Hustler K. 1992. Buoyancy and its
constraints on the underwater foraging behaviour of Reed
Cormorants Phalacrocorax africanus and Darters Anhinga
melanogaster. Ibis, 134: 229-236.
Kato, A., J.P. Croxall, Y. Watanuki and Y.
Naito. 1992. Diving patterns and performance in male and female
blue-eyed cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps at South
GeorgiaMarime Ornithology, 19: 117-129. [Diving pattern and performance in male and female
Blue-eyed Cormorants Phalacrocorax atricepes were recorded with
continuous-recording time-depth recorders for 10-13 days during
the 1990 breeding season. For the female only data on time and
depth were retrieved; diving was distributed through the day (including
31% at night); mean dive depth was 63 m. Male dived mainly in the
afternoon and evening. Their mean dive depths were 61.4 and 83.9
m; mean dive durations 3.4 and 4.6 min; time at maximum depth (bottom
time) averaged 28 and 44% of time submerged; descent time (0.4
and 0.5 min) was shorter than ascent time (1.6 and 2.9 min); dive/pause
rations were 0.4 and 0.5 and surface interval was with preceding
dive duration. The incubating male making one long dive bout per
day, made fewer, longer dives, with less overall bottom time,
than the chick-rearing male, which made at least two bouts per
day. Most characteristics of diving in 1990 (a year of diving
breeding success) were similar to data from 1989 (a year of
breeding failure). However there were more, shorter dive bouts in
1989 and shallow travelling) dives were more frequent; both
consistent with lower preyavalibility in 1989 necesstating
frequent changes of forging sites.]
Livezey B.C. 1992. Flightlessness in the
Galapagos cormorant (Compsohalieus [Nannopterum]
harrisi): heterochrony, giantism and specialization.
Zoological journal of the Linnean Society, 105(2): 155-
Melrose W.D. & Nicol S.C. 1992.
Haematology, red cell metabolism and blood chemistry of the black-faced
cormorant Leucocarbo fuscescens. Comparative biochemistry and
physiology. A. 102(1): 67-
Wilson R. P., K. Hustler, P. G. Ryan, A. E.
Burger & Noldéke E. C. 1992. Diving birds in cold water: do
Archimedes and Boyle determine energetic costs? Am. Nat., 140:
179-200.
Ball D. 1991. A high incidence of bent
beaks in nestling Pied Cormorants. Emu, 91: 257.
Croxall J P., Y. Naito, A. Kato, P. Rothery
and Briggs D. R. 1991. Diving patterns and performance in the
Antarctic Blue-Eyed Shag Phalacrocorax atriceps. J. Zool., 225:
177-199.
Siegel-Causey D. 1991.
Systematics and biogeography of north Pacific shags, with a
description of a new species. Occasional papers of the Museum of
Natural History (Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas), 140
: 1-17
Siegel-Causey D., C. Lefevre & A.B.
Savinetskii. 1991. Historical diversity of cormorants and shags
from Amchitka Island, Alaska. Condor, 93: 840-852.
Malacalza V. E. 1991. External characters
in the offspring resulting from cross-breeding between cormorant
species. Colonial Waterbirds, 14:180-83.
Rasmussen P. C. 1991. Relationships between
South American king and blue-eyed shags. Condor, 93:825-39.
Siegel-Causey D. 1991. Systematics and
biogeography of North Pacific shags, with a description of a new
species. U. of Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. Occ. Pap. 140:1-15.
Wanless S. and Harris M. P. 1991. Diving
patterns of full-grown and juvenile Rock shags. Condor, 93: 44-48.
Barrett R. T., N. Rov and Montevecchi W. A.
1990. Diets of shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and cormorants P.
carbo in Norway and possible implications for ganoid stock
recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 66: 205-218.
Boekelheide R. J., D. G. Ainley, H. R.
Huber and Lewis T. J . 1990. Pelagic cormorant and double-crested
cormorant. Pp. 195-217, in: D. C. Ainley and R. J. Boekelheide (eds.),
Seabirds of the Farallon Islands: ecology, dynamics and
structures of an upwelling-system community. Stanford Univ. Press,
Palo Alto.
Green K., Williams R. & Slip D.J. 1990.
Diet of the Macquarie Island cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps
purpurascens. Corella Serial 14(2): 53-55.
Green K., Williams R., Woehler E.J., Burton
H.R., Gales N.J. & Jones R.T. 1990. Diet of the Heard Island
cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps nivalis. Antarctic Science
Serial 2(2): 139-141.
Rosenberg D. K., C. A. Valle, M. C. Coulter
& Harcourt S. A.. 1990. Monitoring Galapagos penguins and
flightless cormorants in the Galapagos islands. Wilson Bull., 102(3):
525-32.
Sibley C. G. & Monroe B. L. Jr. 1990.
Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale Univ. Press,
New Flaven.
Blaber, S. and T J. Wassenberg 1989.
Feeding ecology of the piscivorous birds Phalacrocorax varius, P.
melanoleucos and Sterna bergii in Moreton Bay, Australia: diets
and dependence on trawler discards. Marine Biology, 101: 1-10.
Boekelheide R. J. and Ainley D. G . 1989.
Age, resource availability and breeding effort in Brandt's
cormorant. Auk, 106: 389-401.
Browning M. R. 1989. The correct name for
the Olivaceous cormorant, "Maiague" of Piso (1658).
Wilson Bull., 101(1): 101-106. ---
William Pies' description in 1658 of the "Maiague" is
shown to be a reference to the Olivaceous Cormorant. Phalacrocorax brasilianus should be
reinstated as the correct name, with the type locality as eastern
Brazil.
Cobley N. 1989. Aspects of the survival of
blue-eyed shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps King). Antarctic Spec.
Top., 1989: 93-96.
Rasmussen P. C. 1989. Post-landing displays
of Chilean blue-eyed shags at a cliff-nesting colony. Bird Behav.,
8: 51-54.
Trayler K. M., D. J. Brothers, R. D.
Wooller & Potter I. C. 1989. Opportunistic foraging by three
species of cormorants in an Australian estuary. J. Zool. Lond.,
218: 87-98.
Dostine P. L. and Morton S. R . 1988. Notes
on the food and feeding habits of cormorants on a tropical flood-plain.
Emu 88:263-66.
Espitalier-Noel C., N. J. Adams and Mages N.
T . 1988. Diet of the imperial cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps
at subAntarctic Marion Island. Emu 88:43-46.
Hobson K. A. & Carter H. R. 1988. Bill
deformity in a Brand's cormorant chick. Calif. Fish Game, 74: 184-185.
Humphrey P. S., P. C. Rasmussen and Lopez N
. 1988. Fish surface activity and pursuit-plunging by olivaceous
cormorants. Wilson Bull. 100:327-28.
Malacaza V. E. and Hall M. A. 1988. Sexing
adult King cormorants Phalacrocorax albiventer by discriminant
analysis. Colonial Waterbirds, 11: 32-37.
Rasmussen P. C. 1988. Variation in the
juvenal plumage of the red-legged shag (Phalacrocorax gaimardi)
and notes on behavior of juveniles. Wilson Bull., 100:535-44.
Rasmussen P. C. and Hurnphrey P. S. 1988.
Wing-spreading in Chilean blue-eyed shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps).
Wilson Bull., 100:140-44.
Siegel-Causey D. 1988. Phylogeny of the
Phalacrocoracidae. Condor, 90(4): 885-905.
Vermeer K., K. H. Morgan and Smith C. E. J.
1988. Population trends and nesting habitat of Double-crested and
Pelagic cormorants in the Strait of Georgia. Pp. 94-98, in F.
Vermeer and R. W. ButIer (eds.), The ecology and status of marine
and shoreline birds in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia.
Can. Wildl. Serv., Ottawa.
Wilson R. P. & Wilson M. P. T. 1988.
Foraging behaviour in four sympatric cormorants. Journal of
Animal Ecology, 57(3): 943-955.
Anderson I. 1987. Epidemic of bird
deformities sweeps U.S. New Scientist 3 Sept. 1987, 21.
Cooper J. 1987. Biology of the bank
cormorant. 5. Clutch size, eggs and incubation. Ostrich 58:1-8.
Dowding J. E. and Taylor M. J . 1987.
Genetics of polymorphism in the little shag. Notornis 34:51-57.
Drummond H. 1987. A review of parent-offspring
conflict and brood reduction ìn the Pelecanìformes. Colonial
Waterbirds, 10: 1-15.
Duffy C. D., R P. Wilson and Wilson M P.
1987. Spatial and temporal patterns of diet in the Cape Cormorant
off southern Africa. Condor, 89: 830-834.
Pemberton D. and Gales R. P. 1987. Notes on
the status and breeding of the imperial cormorant Phalacrocorax
atriceps at Heard Island. Cormorant, 15:33-39.
Rasmussen P. C. 1987. Molts of the rock
shag and new interpretations of the plumage sequence. Condor, 89:760-66.
Rijke A. M. 1987. The water repellency of
water-bird feathers. Auk 104: 140-142.
Rosenberg D. K. and Harcourt S. A.. 1987.
Population sizes and potential conservation problems of the
endemic Galapagos penguin and flightless cormorant. Noticias de
Galapagos, 45:24-25.
Schreiber R. W. and Clapp R. B. 1987.
Pelecaniform feeding ecology. Pp. 173-88, in: J. P. Croxall (ed.),
Seabirds. Feeding ecology and role in marine ecosystems.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Siegel-Causey D. 1987. Behaviour of the red-footed
cormorant (Phalacrocorax gaimardi). Notornis, 34:1-9.
Taylor M. J. 1987. A colony of the little
shag and the pied shag in which the plumage forms of the little
shag freely interbreed. Notornis, 34:41-50.
Telfair R. C. II and Swepston D. A. 1987.
Analysis of banding and marking nestling Anhingas, Olivaceus
cormorants, Roseate spoonbills, Ibises, Bitterns, Herons and
Egrets in Texas (1923-1983). Texas Parks and Wildlife Dep. Fed.
Aid. Proj. W-103-R. Pwd-Bk-7100-152-7/87, Pp. 51.
Williams A. J. 1987. New seabird breeding
localities, and an extension of bank cormorant range, along the
Namib coast of southern Africa. Cormorant, 15:98-102.
Becker J. J. 1986. Reidentification of
"Phalacrocorax" subVolans Brodkorb as the earliest
record of Anhingidae. Auk 103:804-8.
Cooper J. 1986. Diving patterns of
Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae. Ibis, 128: 562-570.
Cooper J. 1986. Biology of the bank
cormorant. 4. Nest construction and characteristics. Ostrich 57:170-79.
Donnelly B. G. & Hustler K. 1986. Notes
on the diet of the reed cormorant and the darter on the Lake
Kariba during 1970 and 1971. Arnoldia (Zimbabwe), 9(24): 319-324.
Duffy D. C., R. P. Wilson, M. -P. Wilson
and Velasquez C. R. 1986. Plunge-diving by olivaceous cormorants
in Chile. Wilson Bull. 98:607-8.
Loutit R., D. Boyer and Brooke R. K . 1986.
Cape cormorant (Phalacrocorax capensis) and jackass penguin (Spheniscus
demersus) breeding colonies on the Narnibian mainland coast
around Sylvia Hill. Cormorant, 13:185-87.
Mathews C. W. and Fordham R. A . 1986.
Behaviour of the little pied cormorant (Phalacrocorax
melanoleucos). Emu, 86:118-21.
Rasmussen P. C. 1986. Reevaluation of cheek
patterns of juvenal-plurnaged blue-eyed and king shags. Condor,
88:393-95.
Shaw P. 1986. Factors affecting the
breeding performance of Antarctic blue-eyed shags Phalacrocorax
atriceps. Ornis Scand., 17:141-50.
Siegel-Causey D. 1986. Behavior and
affinities of the Magellanic cormorant. Notornis, 33:249-57.
Siegel-Causey D. 1986. The courtship
behavior and mixed-species pairing of king and imperial blue-eyed
shags (Phalacrocorax albiventer and P. atriceps). Wilson Bull,.
98:571-80.
Siegel-Causey D. & Hunt C. L. Jr. 1986.
Breeding-site selection and colony formation in double-crested
and pelagic cormorants. Auk, 103:230-234.
Bernstein N. P. & Maxson S. J. 1985.
Reproductive energetics of Blue-eyed Shags in Antarctica. Wilson
Bull., 97: 450-462.
Brothers N. P. 1985. Breeding biology, diet
and morphometrics of the king shag Phalacrocorax albiventer
purpurascens at Macquarie Island. Aust. Wildl. Res. 12:81-94.
Cooper J. 1985. Foraging behaviour of non-breeding
Imperial cormorants at the Prince Edward Islands. Ostrich, 56: 96-100.
Cooper J. 1985. Biology of the bank
cormorant. 2. Morphometrics, plumage, bare parts and moult.
Ostrich 56:79-85.
Cooper J. 1985. Biology of the bank
cormorant. 3. Foraging behavior. Ostrich 56:86-95.
Cracraft J. 1985. Monophyly and
phylogenetic relationships of the Pelecaniformes: a numerical
cladistic analysis. Auk 102:834-53.
Hobson K. A. & Sealy S. G. 1985. Diving
rhythms and diurnal roosting time of pelagic Cormorants. Wilson
Bull., 97: 116-119.
Hogan G. G. 1985. Noosing adult cormorants
for banding. N. Am. Bird Banding, 10(3): 76-77.
McNeil R., J.R. Rodriguez & Quellet H.
1985. Bird mortality at a power transmission line in northeastern
Venezuela. Biological Conservation, 31: 153-165. [Casualties from distribution line
collisions are considered significant. The authors suggest
placing lines parallel rather than across flight paths;
attempting to make lines more visible by luminous orange markings
(wrapped tapes or clipped strips); and burying cables. Species
recovered in this study included brown pelican, royal tern, black-crowned
night heron, and neotropic cormorant. Data on
flight patterns, behavior, feeding, and nesting are included.
Frequency of casualties is said to be related to species,
composition, behavior patterns, flight characteristics or flight
directions, and local features.]
Nakagawa H. 1985. [Breeding of Temminck's
cormorant Phalacrocorax filamentosis in the Shiretoko Peninsula,
Hokkaido.] Bull. Shiretoko Mus., 7:71-72. (Japanese, English
summary).
Ryan P. C. & Hunter S . 1985. Early
breeding of imperial cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps at Prince
Edward Island. Cormorant, 13:31-34.
Shaw P. 1985. Age-differences within
breeding pairs of blue-eyed shags Phalacrocorax atriceps. Ibis,
127:53743.
Shaw P. 1985. Brood reduction in the blue-eyed
shag Phalacrocorax atriceps. Ibis, 127:476-94.
Barlow C. G. and Bock K. 1984. Predation of
fish in fish dams by Cormorants, Phalacrocorax ssp.
Austr. Wildl. Res., 11: 559-566.
Bernstein, N P. and S J. Maxson 1984.
Sexually distinct daily activity patterns of Blue-eyed Shags in
Antarctica. Condor, 86: 151-156.
Carter H. R., K. R. Hobson and Sealy S. G.
1984. Colony site selection by pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocorax
pelagicus) in Barkely Sound, British Columbia. Colonial
Waterbirds 7:25-34.
Elowson A. M. 1984. Spread-wing posture and
the water-repellency of feathers: a test of Rijke's hypothesis.
Auk, 101: 371-383.
Hennemann W. W. 1984. Spread-winged
behaviour of Doubled-crested and Flightless cormorants
Phalacrocorax auritus and P. harrisi: wing drying or
thermoregulation? Ibis, 126: 230-239.
Mahoney S. A. 1984. Plumage wettability of
aquatic birds. Auk, 101:181-85.
Malacalza V. E. 1984. Biologia reproductiva
de Phalacrocorax albiventer. I. Nidificacion en Punta Tombo.
Contr. 98, Cent. Nac. Pata., ConseJ. Nac. de Invest. Cient. y Tec.
Olver M. D. 1984. Breeding biology of the
reed cormorant. Ostrich, 55:133-40.
Talent L. 1984. Food habits of wintering
Brandt's cormorants. Wilson Bull., 96:130-134.
Tindle R. 1984. The evolution of breeding
strategies in the flightless cormorant (Nannopterum harrisi) of
the Galapagos. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 21:157-164.
Vermeer K. and Rankin L. 1984. Population
trends in nesting Double-crested and Pelagic cormorants in Canada.
Murrelet, 65:1-9.
Duffy D. C. 1983. Competition for nesting
space among Peruvian guano birds. Auk 100:680-88.
Duffy D. C. & Laurenson L. 1983.
Pellets of Cape Cormorant as indicators of diet. Condor, 85: 305-307.
LIewellyn L. C. 1983. Movements of
cormorants in south-eastern Australia and the influence of floods
on breeding. Aus. Wíldl. Res., 10:149-67.
Matthews J. P. and Berruti A . 1983. Diet
of Cape gannet and Cape cormorant off Walvis Bay, 1958-59. S. Afr.
J. Mar. Sci., 1:61-63.
Trillmich F., K. Trillmich, D. Limberger
and Arnold W. 1983. The breeding season of the flightless
cormorant Nannopterum harrisi at Cabo Hammond, Fernandina. Ibis,
125:221-223.
Winkler H. 1983. The ecology of Cormorants
(Genus Phalacrocorax) development. Hydrobiologia, 12: 192-199.
Williams A. J. and Cooper J. 1983. The
Crowned cormorant: breeding biology, diet and offspring-reduction
strategy. Ostrich 54:213-19.
Bernstein N. P. & Maxson S. J. 1982.
Behaviour of the Antarctic blue-eyed shag Phalacrocorax atriceps
bransfieldensis. Notornis 29:197-207.
Brooke R. K., Cooper J., P. A. Shelton
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HOLLAND B.R., SPENCER H.G., WORTHY T.H.
& KENNEDY M. 2010. Identifying Cliques of Convergent
Characters: Concerted Evolution in the Cormorants and Shags. Syst.
Biol., 59(4): 433–445. [Abstract.
— A phylogenetic tree comprising clades with high bootstrap
values or other strong measures of statistical support is usually
interpreted as providing a good estimate of the true phylogeny.
Convergent evolution acting on groups of characters in concert,
however, can lead to highly supported but erroneous phylogenies.
Identifying such groups of phylogenetically misleading characters
is obviously desirable. Here we present a procedure that uses an
independent data source to identify sets of characters that have
undergone concerted convergent evolution. We examine the
problematic case of the cormorants and shags, for which trees
constructed using osteological and molecular characters both have
strong statistical support and yet are fundamentally incongruent.
We find that the osteological characters can be separated into
those that fit the phylogenetic history implied by the molecular
data set and those that do not. Moreover, these latter nonfitting
osteological characters are internally consistent and form groups
of mutually compatible characters or “cliques,” which
are significantly larger than cliques of shuffled characters.We
suggest, therefore, that these cliques of characters are the
result of similar selective pressures and are a signature of
concerted convergence.]