| WI - Cormorant Research Group | Scientific Literature - Great cormorant | updated on 28-12-2012 |
Scientific literature on the
Great
Cormorant - Phalacrocorax carbo
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Volponi S. 2011. Il Cormorano, predatore
sulla cresta dell’onda. Picus: 71: 50-61.
HOLLAND B.R., SPENCER H.G., WORTHY T.H.
& KENNEDY M. 2010. Identifying Cliques of Convergent
Characters: Concerted Evolution in the Cormorants and Shags.
Syst. Biol., 59(4): 433–445. [Abstract. — A phylogenetic
tree comprising clades with high bootstrap values or other strong
measures of statistical support is usually interpreted as
providing a good estimate of the true phylogeny. Convergent
evolution acting on groups of characters in concert, however, can
lead to highly supported but erroneous phylogenies. Identifying
such groups of phylogenetically misleading characters is
obviously desirable. Here we present a procedure that uses an
independent data source to identify sets of characters that have
undergone concerted convergent evolution. We examine the
problematic case of the cormorants and shags, for which trees
constructed using osteological and molecular characters both have
strong statistical support and yet are fundamentally incongruent.
We find that the osteological characters can be separated into
those that fit the phylogenetic history implied by the molecular
data set and those that do not. Moreover, these latter nonfitting
osteological characters are internally consistent and form groups
of mutually compatible characters or “cliques,” which
are significantly larger than cliques of shuffled characters.We
suggest, therefore, that these cliques of characters are the
result of similar selective pressures and are a signature of
concerted convergence.]
Nessing R. 2010. Zur Herkunft der Kormorane Phalacrocorax
carbo in der Wismarbucht/Mecklenburg anhand von Ringfunden. [Abstract. A total of 29
ring recoveries (RR) from 21 Cormorants found in Wismar Bay,
Western Baltic, Federal German State of Mecklenburg-Western
Pomerania, were evaluated. Seventeen recoveries (58.62%) were of
Danish ringed Cormorants, three each (10.34 % respectively) were
from Norway and the Netherlands, two each (6.89 % respectively)
were from Germany and Finland and single recoveries (each 3.44 %)
from Estonia and Sweden. The chronological division of the
recoveries was as follows: May = 1 RR (1 bird), June = 9 RR (7
birds), July = 10 RR (8 birds), August = 4 RR (3 birds),
September = 1 RR (1 bird) and October = 4 RR (3 birds).]
Fonteneau, F., Paillisson, J.-M. &
Marion, L. 2009. Relationships between bird morphology and
prey selection in two sympatric Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo subspecies during winter. Ibis, 151, 286–298.
Smith G. C., Parrott D. & Robertson P. A. 2008.
Managing wildlife populations with uncertainty: cormorants
Phalacrocorax carbo. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45: xx/xx.
[Abstract. 1.
Managing wildlife populations for conservation, control or
harvesting involves uncertainty. Nevertheless, decisions need to
be made with the available evidence. The two main sources of
uncertainty are parameter estimates and structural uncertainty.
Structural uncertainty in models is not included as often as
parameter uncertainty. 2. We present an approach where parameter
and structural uncertainty (the existence and strength of density
dependence) is included within the iterations of a stochastic
model. The example system used in this study is the
over-wintering English population of cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo L., which cause damage to inland fisheries interests and,
in autumn 2004, prompted a change in government policy,
increasing the numbers of birds that can be shot under licence.
3. A stochastic Monte Carlo annual population model was produced
to examine the effect of changes to the numbers of birds shot
each year. An index of the annual population size was converted
to a population estimate based on the latest available data, used
to determine annual growth rates, and the presence and strength
of density dependence. 4. There is strong evidence for density
dependence in the data, which suggests the population is
currently slightly above carrying capacity, with a mean growth
rate of 4–6% per annum. It is estimated that the 1300 birds
shot under licence in 2004/05 represents about 4·5% of the
English population, and if this level of culling continues the
population would be expected to decline by 3% by 2007, compared
to the long-term average, and increase the risk of decline by 4%.
The a priori preferred model, which includes all uncertainty,
gave predictions for the first year (6·2% population decline) in
agreement with field data (6% decline). 5. The model was used to
produce short-term population projections, with the understanding
that Adaptive Resource Management (ARM) will be adopted to
iteratively update the parameters and model each year, feeding
back into limiting the numbers of available licences should the
population decline more than expected. 6. Synthesis and
applications. We recommend the approach of including parameter
and structural uncertaintywithin a single model, where possible,
with the proportion of iterations which utilize a particular
structure dependent on the weight of evidence for that structure.
This will produce results with wider confidence intervals, but
ensures that the evidence for any particular model is not
over-interpreted.]
Bregnballe T. 2006. Age-related fledgling
production in great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo: influence of
individual competence and disappearance of phenotypes. J. Avian
Biol., 37: 149-157. [Abstract.
Age-related reproductive performance of great cormorants\i
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis was studied in a tree nesting colony
in Denmark in relation to age-related improvements of competence
and progressive disappearance of phenotypes. Within-individual
changes in fledgling production were measured, and
cross-sectional analyses were applied. The within-individual
analyses showed that competence improved with age and/or that
individuals showed restraint to optimize their reproductive
effort. The within-individual improvements were three to six
times higher among individuals that survived and returned to
breed beyond the fourth breeding attempt than among individuals
disappearing from the breeding population before the fourth
breeding attempt. Taking this into account the within-individual
improvements explained 70-90% of the age-effect observed in the
population over the youngest ages. Effects of breeding experience
were significant for females, but only within the group of
individuals that were present in the breeding population beyond
the age of five years. In males, improvements arose because of
unknown factors related to age. Individual great cormorants that
bred beyond the age of five years had higher reproductive
success, on average, than birds disappearing from the breeding
population earlier in life. This supports the differential
survival hypothesis. However, the effect on the population mean
was partly counterbalanced by late recruitment of other inferior
breeders. It is concluded that the enhancement in fledgling
production with increasing age was primarily an effect of
age-related improvements of competence and secondly an effect of
progressive disappearance of phenotypes.]
Marion L. & Le Gentil J. 2006.
Ecological segregation and population structuring of the
Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in Europe, in relation to the
recent introgression of continental and marine subspecies.
Evolutionary Ecology, 20: 193-216. [Abstract. Populations of the
‘‘continental’’ Great Cormorant P. c.
sinensis have expanded from north-eastern Europe towards the
western part of the range of the ‘‘marine’’
P. c. carbo breeding in the United Kingdom and France. The aim of
the study was to test the hypothesis of ecological segregation
between subspecies by analysing the structuring of the European
populations. Sequencing the mtDNA of 231 birds belonging to 20
colonies revealed 38 haplotypes based on 25 polymorphic sites
(5.76% sequence divergence). P. c. sinensis
(‘‘S’’) was well con.rmed, but usual P. c.
carbo formed two coastal populations, the real P. c. carbo
‘‘C’’ mainly in the western part of the range
(United Kingdom, coastal France), and also in Norway and
Sardinia, and ‘‘N’’, branched to the Japanese
Cormorant P. capillatus and probably isolated by glaciations,
mainly present in the Nordic range (Norway, but also on the
coasts from Sweden to Brittany), we named P. c. norvegicus. In a
variable position in the trees but close to C is a group of
undetermined origin haplotypes, named U, also present in both
traditional ranges. The new tree-nesting colonies in Brittany are
clearly a mixture of S and the two clades C and N previously
described as P. c. carbo , with a decreasing proportion of C+N
between 1993 (67%), 1996 (60%) and 2002 (33%) for the pioneering
Grand-Lieu colony. These results con.rmed the current
introgression of continental populations in the western range,
with probable hybridization. Although the subspecies can switch
habitats locally due to social behaviour and migrations, the
ecological segregation between the two usual subspecies appears
to be largely con.rmed in Europe.]
Ropert-Coudert Y., Gremillet D. &
KatoA. 2006. Swim speeds of free-ranging great cormorants. Marine
Biology,
Cech M. 2005. [Potrava kormorána
velkého Phalacrocorax carbo na Vltav Aím Brodu v zimním
období 2004/2005.] Diet of great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
at Vltava River in in winter period 2004/2005 - final report. [Abstract. The diet of
wintering great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) was studied at
Vltava 28P and Vltava 29MP fishery using analyses of regurgitated
pellets and determination of regurgitated undigested fish and
individual bones collected on the ground below the roosting
trees. The purpose of this study was i) to evaluate whether the
long term decline in brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) and
grayling (Thymallus thymallus) catches demonstrated in angler
statistics (for brown trout since year 1999, for grayling,
however, since year 1996) is really caused by predation pressure
of wintering cormorants and ii) to assess real impact of these
birds on the ichthyofauna of Vltava 28P and Vltava 29MP fishery.
In total 389 fish individuals of 14 fish species and 6 fish
families was distinguished from head identification bone elements
(maxillare, dentale, praeoperculare, operculare, os pharyngeum,
glossohyale) and from undigested fish remains. The diet of
cormorants was dominated by roach (Rutilus rutilus, 33.9% in
abundance, size ranging from 10 to 30 cm TL), chub (Leuciscus
cephalus, 25.5%, 7-35 cm) and perch (Perca fluviatilis, 24.7%,
9-37 cm). Other fish species, like bleak (Alburnus alburnus),
bream (Abramis brama), white bream (Blicca/Abramis bjoerkna),
carp (Cyprinus carpio), dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), pike (Esox
lucius), bullhead (Cottus gobio), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus),
zander (Sander lucioperca), grayling and trout sp. were of minor
importance in cormorant diet. Due to a lack of praevomers in case
of “trout” it was not possible to determine these
remains to species like brown trout or allochtonous rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus alpinus), which
are also regularly stocked to the above fisheries. The largest
fish caught by cormorants was zander 41 cm, the heaviest fish
caught by cormorants was perch 734 g. Average length of preyed
fish was 18.6 cm and average weight was 114 g. Only three
salmonids (length 29, 22 and 15 cm) and one grayling (24 cm) were
found in collected food remains. First cormorants were seen at
Vltava 28P and Vltava 29MP fishery during last decade of
November, last cormorants left the locality in mid March.
Abundance of birds peaked in mid January when there were seen 150
roosting individuals. Summarizing this, the overall presence of
cormorants on targeted fisheries was calculated as 6 540 bird
days and the total fish withdrawal comprised 37 638 fish (3 924
kg). This value consisted of e.g. 12 772 roach (1 608 kg), 9 579
chub (971 kg), 9 289 perch (1 028 kg) but only 290 trout (31 kg)
and 97 grayling (15 kg). The reason for such a surprisingly low
contribution of trout and grayling to cormorant diet is probably
overfishing of grayling in previous years (cumulative effect of
both cormorants and anglers) and ability of territorial trout to
hide in well known habitat (diet of cormorants, as in other
studies, was highly dominated by shoaling non-territorial
fishes). The difficult access to trout in complex habitat is
probably also a reason, why cormorants did not visit upstream
Vltava 29P fishery, where the population of brown trout is still
well developed. Since cormorants were frequently seen preying on
Vltava 28P and Vltava 29MP fishery and other near-by interesting
localities like carp ponds and huge Lipno Reservoir were below
the ice cover for most of the winter (corresponding with results
of diet analyses) it could be concluded that their predation
pressure was concentrated almost exclusivelly on the above
fisheries. From these waters, wintering cormorants yielded over
52 kg of fish per hectare. For the long-lasting coexistence of
protected species (great cormorant), well developed fish
communities and satisfied anglers (fly fishermen particularly) at
Vltava River in Vyšší Brod it is suggested to regulate
by shooting numbers of cormorants to the level of 5-10 wintering
individuals.]
Engen S. Lande R. Saether B-E. &
Bregnballe T. 2005. Estimating the pattern of synchrony in
fluctuating populations. Journal Animal Ecology, 74:
601–611. [Abstract.
A central question in population ecology is how to estimate the
effects of common environmental noise, e.g. due to large-scale
climate patterns, on the synchrony in population fluctuations
over large distances. We show how the environmental variance can
be split into components generated by several environmental
variables and how these can be estimated from time-series
observations. With a set of time-series observations from
different locations not necessarily covering the same time span,
it is shown how the spatial autocorrelation of the residual
variance component, not explained by the covariates and corrected
for demographic stochasticity, can be estimated using classical
multinormal theory. Some previous results on spatial scaling in
continuous linearized models on log scale are extended to also
provide the scaling for the residuals. This is shown to be close
to the spatial scaling of the autocorrelation in the
environmental noise and only weakly affected by migration. The
logistic model of local population dynamics with the NAO index as
the only covariate is fitted to 22 populations of the Continental
great cormorant Phalacrorax carbo sinensis. The spatial scale of
the environmental noise is estimated to be about 155 km. The NAO
index alone accounts for about 10% of the total environmental
variance and nearly all of the regional environmental variance
(long-distance environmental autocorrelation).]
Evrard G., Dermien F., De Gottal P.,
Monmart A., Pourignaux F., Vanmeerbeeck P. & Paquest J-Y.
2005. Estimation de la pression de peche du Grand Cormoran
(Phalacrocorax carbo) en Meuse belge par le suivi de la
dispersion matinale des individus. Aves, 42: 121-133.
Galvan I. 2005. Migration strategies of the Great Cormorant
wintering inland in Spain.
Waterbirds 28 (3): 301-307. [Abstract.
Searches for color-banded Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo)
were carried out during 2002-2004 at an inland roost in Spain in
order to determine the origin of the birds, to measure the length
of stay and withinand between-seasons site fidelity in relation
to age. Contrary to expectations, neither the stay duration at
the roost nor the site fidelity depended on age. The low stay
duration (the majority of the birds were sighted only once) and
return rates suggest nomadic behavior of the wintering
cormorants. The cormorants that stayed longer at the roost also
returned there more times during one season, suggesting that site
fidelity may have an adaptive value for wintering cormorants.]
Gremillet D., Enstipp M. R., Boudi M.
& Liu H. 2005. Do cormorants injure fish without eating them?
An underwater video study. Marine Biology,
Gremillet D., Kuntz G. Gilbert C., Woakes
A.J., Butler P.J. & le Maho Y. 2005. Cormorants dive through
the Polar night. Biology Letter,
Jenard Ph. 2005. Évolution de la
population nicheuse du Grand Cormoran (Phalacrocorax carbo
sinensis) en Hainaut occidental entre 1992 et 2005. [Evolution of
the breeding population of the Great Cormorant in the Western
part of Wallonia (Belgium, Hainaut Province) between 1992 and
2005]. Aves, 42 (4) : 313-324.
Newson S.E., Hughes B., Hearn R. &
Bregnballe T. 2005. Breeding performance and timing of breeding
of inland and coastal breeding Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo
in England and Wales. Bird
Study, 52(1): 10-17.
Voisin R. & Posse B. 2005. Le passage
automnal du Grand Cormoran Phalacrocorax carbo ŕ
travers les Alpes, ŕ partir de la basse vallée du Rhône
(Vaud/Valais) [Great Cormorant autumn migration across the Alps
from the lower Rhône valley, cantons of Vaud and Valais]. Nos
Oiseaux, 52(1): 3-16.
Eskildsen J. 2004. Skarver 2004. Naturovervĺgning. Danmarks Miljřundersřgelser.
- Arbejdsrapport fra DMU, nr. 199. [Abstract. In 2004 the number of
counted cormorant nests in Denmark was estimated at 39.631 nests
in 59 colonies. This was an increase of 6% compared to 2003; the
colonies near the coast of Kattegat holding the majority of the
increase. The number of colonies was the highest number ever and
14% more than in 2003. The number of nests in 2004 is very close
to the average of 39,000 nests during 1994-2003, varying between
36.700 and 42.800 nests. Regulation of cormorant nests was
intensified in 2004 compared to years before. A minimum of 6,700
nests was regulated, which corresponds to 17% of the total number
of counted cormorant nests in Denmark in 2004. Regulation of
nests increased by 43% compared to 2003. In 2004, 83% was
regulated by oiling, i.e. spraying the eggs with a fluid that
closes the pores of the eggs and consequently kills the embryo.
Regulations took place in 23 colonies (39%). Despite the
intensified regulations, the number of colonies increased in 2004
compared to 2003. The availability of food resources seems to be
the main factor of the fluctuations during the last 10 years.]
Galvan I. 2004. Age-related Spatial Segregation of Great
Cormorants in a Roost.
Waterbirds 27(4): 377-381. [Abstract.
Agonistic interactions between Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax
carbo) in a roost have been studied to detect possible social
dominance causing spatial segregation in relation to age. Adults
tended to dominate firstand second-winter birds, and were found
relatively higher in the roost, where they are probably the safer
from human intruders. Because of the high proportion of adults,
attacks frequently involved two adults. No differences were found
between the frequency and success of attacks in relation to the
age of the birds arriving to the roost, perhaps indicating that
pre-attack display represented an efficient form of agonistic
communication. The number of attacks was not correlated with the
number of cormorants in the roost, probably due to a constant
density of birds, unaffected by the size of the roost.]
Lorentsen S.-H., Grémillet D. & Nymoen
G. H. 2004. Annual Variation in Diet of Breeding Great
Cormorants: Does it Reflect Varying Recruitment of Gadoids?
Waterbirds, 27: 161-169. [Abstract.
Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) diet was studied
during three years (2001-2003) in an area where Arctic Kelp (Laminaria
hyperborea) is extensively distributed off the central
Norwegian coast. A total of 608 diet samples, 378 (62.2%) chick
regurgitations, 22 (3.6%) whole fish, and 208 (34.2%) pellets
were collected from the colonies at regular intervals during the
chick-rearing period. From these samples a total of 1,013 food
items (after pairing the otoliths) were isolated, representing 18
fish species. Gadoids, mainly Cod (Gadus morhua) and
Saithe (Pollachius virens) dominated the diet (75%
numerically, 86% by biomass). During the first year of the study,
Cod represented nearly 50% of the diet, but decreased to 13% in
2003. At the same time, the occurrence of Saithe in the diet
increased from 23% to 65%. For Saithe age II-group fish dominated
the diet in 2001, and I- and II- group dominated in 2002 and
2003. For Cod 0-group fish dominated the diet in 2001 and 0- and
I-group fish dominated in 2002 and 2003. The decrease in Cod in
the diet of the Great Cormorant most probably reflected the
decrease in the Norwegian coastal Cod population, and that the
increase in Saithe in the diet is related to the relative
increase in the abundance of this fish prey as the abundance of
Cod decreased.]
Naito, W., Murata, M. & Yoshida K.
2004. Evaluation of population-level ecological
risks of fish-eating birds to dioxinlike PCBs exposure. Organohalogen Compounds, 66: 3350-3355.
Newson S. E., Hughes B., Russell I. C.,
Ekins G. R & Sellers R. M. 2004. Sub-specific differentiation and
distribution of Great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in Europe. Ardea 92(1): 3-10. [Abstract. The use of biometrics
for sub-specific differentiation of Great Cormorants
Phalacrocorax carbo in Europe was investigated using skins of
known sub-species and showed that gular pouch angle is a useful
character for assigning individuals to sub-species. Where further
measurements of bill depth and bill length can be taken,
sex-specific discriminant functions allow the majority of
individuals to be correctly identified to sub-species. The
identity of 261 Great Cormorants of unknown sub-species shot
(under MAFF licence) on inland water bodies in England during the
winters of 1997-98 and 1998-99 were investigated; 66% were
P.c.carbo and 34% P.c.sinensis. This suggests that P.c.carbo is
currently the predominant sub-species inland in England during
the winter.The findings of this paper now allow for long-term and
cost-effective monitoring of sub-species occurrence and
population development in the UK, as well as in other European
countries where the two sub-species may occur.]
Paillisson JM., Carpentier A., Le Gentil
J. & Marion L. 2004. Space utilization by a cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo L.) colony in a multi-wetland complex in relation to
feeding strategies.
Comptes. Rendue Biologies, 327: 493–500. [Abstract. In this study,
we investigated the response of inland breeding cormorants
Phalacrocorax carbo to a complex spatial configuration of feeding
habitats in relation to social and individual feeding strategies.
The numbers of feeding trips outside the colony site (Lake
Grand-Lieu, western France), where only solitary fishing is used
by cormorants, and the number of birds fishing on the lake where
social fishing predominates were investigated during the breeding
season and compared with the fledging period. From the
investigation of feeding trip traffic, we identified three major
habitats used by cormorants in the vicinity of the colony site
(25 km around the colony site) that accounted for 94.1 of the IN
flights and 92.0% of the OUT flights (N = 1745 arrivals and 2404
departures respectively), and notably one area that accounted for
58% of total flights although it is the furthest away. No
fundamental change in the relative significance of these feeding
grounds for solitary fishing cormorants was found throughout the
breeding season, even in a between-years comparison
(1996–2001), in contrast to what has often been found
elsewhere. Although the peak of foraging activity in the
surrounding habitats and also within the lake waters largely
coincided with the time when the majority of young had fledged,
the index of cormorant numbers (ratio between bird numbers at a
given time and that for a baseline date) on the lake remained at
a high level until late August compared to movements outside the
lake, as a result of regular social fishing (84.9 ± 4% of
fishing numbers). From these findings, we discuss factors
governing the selection of feeding grounds throughout the
breeding season in relation to energy considerations, feeding
strategies and food resources.]
Paquet J-Y. 2004 Les recensements
coordonnés des Grands Cormorans (Phalacrocorax carbo)
hivernants en Wallonie et a Bruxelles hiver 2003-2004. Aves,
41(1-2):62-64.
Persson C. & Stenberg P. 2004. Growth rate of juvenile Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis in the nestling stage. Published on Internet url: http://home.swipnet.se/~w-48087/faglar/materialmapp/skarvmapp/skarvmenu.html (downloaded on 04/05/2005). (text only version).
Ribak G., Weihs D., Arad Z. 2004. How do cormorants counter buoyancy during
submerged swimming? J.
Exp. Biol., 207(12: 2101-14. [Abstract.
Buoyancy is a de-stabilizing force for diving cormorants that
forage at shallow depths. Having to counter this force increases
the cost of transport underwater. Cormorants are known to be less
buoyant than most water birds but are still highly buoyant (rho=
approximately 0.8 kg m(-3)) due to their adaptations for aerial
flight. Nevertheless, cormorants are known to dive at a wide
range of depths, including shallow dives where buoyancy is
maximal. We analyzed the kinematics of underwater swimming of the
great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in a shallow pool
to discover and evaluate the mechanisms countering buoyancy while
swimming horizontally. The birds maintained a very uniform cyclic
paddling pattern. Throughout this cycle, synchronized tilting of
the body, controlled by the tail, resulted in only slight
vertical drifts of the center of mass around the average swimming
path. We suggest that this tilting behavior serves two purposes:
(1) the elongated bodies and the long tails of cormorants, tilted
at a negative angle of attack relative to the swimming direction,
generate downward directed hydrodynamic lift to resist buoyancy
and (2) during the propulsive phase, the motion of the feet has a
significant vertical component, generating a vertical component
of thrust downward, which further helps to offset buoyancy. The
added cost of the drag resulting from this tilting behavior may
be reduced by the fact that the birds use a burst-and-glide
pattern while swimming.]
Strod T., Arad Z., Izhaki I. & Katzir
G. 2004. Cormorants keep their power: visual
resolution in a pursuit-diving bird under amphibious and turbid
conditions.Curr. Biol.,
14(10): R376-7. Supplemental data.
Wahl J., T. Keller & Sudfeldt C. 2004.
Distribution and numbers of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo in Germany in January 2003 – results of the pan-German
night roost census. Vogelwelt, 125: 1-10. (in German).
Eskildsen J. 2003. Skarver. Naturovervĺgning. Arbejdsrapport fra DMU, nr.
190. [Abstract.
I 2003 blev antallet af skarvreder i Danmark opgjort til 37,313.
Det er en tilbakegang pĺ godt 8 % i forhold til antallet i 2002.
Tilbagegangen skete isćr langs Kattegats kyster samt i de store,
gamle kolonier: Vorsř, Ormř, Brćndegĺrd Sř og Tyreholm.
Antallet af skarvreder i Danmark har gennem de sidste 10 ĺr
ligget ret konstant pĺ ca 39,000 reder i gennemsnit.]
Govedic M. & Janzekovic F. 2003. [The
diet of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo on the Drava river
in the winter of 1995/96 (Slovenia).] Acrocephalus, 24(116):
11-19. [Abstract.
Diet of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo was studied by
means of regurgitated pellets collected in March 1996 at night
roost along the Drava river near Miklav`na Dravskem
polju.Altogether,remains of 741 fish were found.Total weight of
these fish was estimated at 115 kg.The diet consisted of 14 fish
species (Chub Leuciscus cephalus ,Nase Chondrostoma nasus ,Barbel
Barbus barbus ,Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella ,Gold Fish or
Prussian Carp Carassius auratus, Bream Abramis brama, Common Carp
Cyprinus carpio , Danube Roach Rutilus pigus virgo ,Roach Rutilus
rutilus ,Perch Perca fluviatilis, Ruffe Gymnocephalus
cernuus,Striped Ruffe Gymnocephalus schraetzer ,Zingel Zingel
zingel and Pike Esox lucius ).The diet was dominated by Perch
(52.5% by number,53.1%by mass)and Nase (14.0%by number,22.3%by
mass). Most of the fishes consumed by Cormorants belonged to the
18-22 cm (32.1%) size class. Average length of consumed Perch was
21.9 cm (median 21.5 cm, Q1-Q3: 18.9-25.2 cm)and 26.7 cm of Nase
(median 25.3 cm,Q1-Q3: 22.3-31.9 cm). Average length of all prey
in the diet of Great Cormorant was 21.3 cm (median 20.9 cm,
Q1-Q3: 18.1-25.2 cm, min-max: 6.1-46.3 cm).Specimens of the first
quartile constituted 6.4% mass of all prey,of the second and
third quartiles 42.2%,and of the last quartile 51.3% mass of all
prey.Length frequency distribution of the Perch,especially low
proportion of small Perch in the Cormorants'diet,depended on
standing waters'ice cover. Small Perches are abundant in standing
waters,as they feed on plankton, which is most abundant there.In
the winter of 1995/96 all standing waters in the Drava region
were covered with ice and fishes in these waters were
inaccessible to Cormorants.But as Ruffe and bigger Perches are
not restricted to plankton diet,they also frequented flowing
nonfrozen waters and were thus accessible to Cormorants.The
proportion of Perch in Cormorants'diet was probably higher than
in feeding habitat,while the proportion of Nase,Barbel and Chub
was probably lower than in feeding habitat.]
Gremillet. D., Wright G., Lauder A., Carss
D. N. & Wanless S. 2003. Modelling the daily food
requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool
for wildlife management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40:
266–277. [Summary.
Great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo are large piscivorous birds
which occur in Asia, Australia, Africa, Europe and North America.
Their European breeding population has increased by at least 15%
per annum over the last 15 years, reaching a total of 200,000
pairs in the late 1990s. There are concerns that this increase is
adversely affecting freshwater fish populations throughout
Europe, but real assessment requires a detailed knowledge of
cormorant food requirements. The daily food intake (DFI) of great
cormorants has been measured during the breeding season, but
little is known about DFI in winter when these poorly insulated
birds experience consistently low temperatures. DFI is likely to
vary widely according to abiotic and biotic conditions, making
predictions about impact particularly difficult. We modelled DFI
for great cormorants wintering at Loch Leven, Scotland, using
behavioural data recorded via radio-tracking of free-ranging
individuals, metabolic measurements obtained from captive birds,
and published data. DFI was estimated to be 672 g/day (predicted
maximum range 441–1095 g/day, values similar to DFI of great
cormorants breeding under temperate conditions and of other
aquatic bird species.During winter great cormorants at Loch Leven
decreased their average dive time and increased dive efficiency
(higher proportion of time spent underwater). They nonetheless
spent 130 min/day in the water and allocated more than a third of
their daily energy budget to diving. In view of the need for the
sound management of cormorant populations, we present a general
bioenergetics model, based on simple behavioural and dietary
inputs, that computes an estimate of DFI outside the breeding
season for a range environmental conditions and habitats. An
interactive computer programme for this model is available
(http://www.cepe.c-strasbourg.fr) to help scientists and managers
estimate local values for average, minimum and maximum DFI.]
Katzir G. & Howland H.C. 2003. Corneal
power and underwater accommodation in great cormorants (Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis). J. Exp. Biol., 206(5): 833-41. [Abstract. In great
cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis), corneal
refractive powers, determined by photokeratometry, ranged between
52.1 diopters (52.1 D) and 63.2 D. Photorefractive reflexes,
determined by infrared video photorefraction, indicated that in
voluntary dives the cormorants accommodate within 40-80 ms of
submergence and with myopic focusing relative to the
photorefractor attained when prey was approximately one bill
length from the plane of the eye. Underwater, the pupils were not
constricted and retained diameters similar to those in air. These
results support previously reported capacities of lenticular
changes in amphibious birds yet do not fully correspond with
earlier reports in terms of the coupling of iris constriction
with accommodation, and time course.]
Murata M., Iseki N., Masunaga S. &
Nakanishi J. 2003. Estimation of effects of
dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs on wildlife population: a case study
on common cormorant. Chemosphere, 53(4): 337-345. [Abstract. We presented a
method for quantitatively evaluating the effects of chemical
pollutants in the environment on a wildlife population. We
expressed the effects of exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs
in Tokyo Bay sediment on a common cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
population in two ways. One was the changes in the intrinsic
growth rate, and the other was the changes in the gross
population size. The effects of exposure to the compounds were
estimated by using the method of population ecology and available
field data. Common cormorant population at Shinobazu Pond in
Tokyo, Japan during 1974–1986 was selected as the target
population. Intrinsic growth rate or gross size of the population
based on the calculated residual level of dioxins and dioxin-like
PCBs in the period was estimated to decrease to 89% or 85% of
that without exposure to the compounds, respectively.]
Murata M., Masunaga S. & Nakanishi J.
2003. Population-level ecological risk assessment of planar
polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in great cormorant
(Phalacrocorax carbo) around Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environ Toxicol
Chem.. 22(10): 2508-2518. [Abstract.
Assessment of population-level ecological risk posed by
planar polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PCAHs; including
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans,
and dioxintike polychlorinated biphenyls) in sediment of Tokyo
Bay (Japan) and rivers via fish ingestion to the great cormorant
(Phalacrocorax carbo) population was conducted by means of a
probabilistic approach. Population decline risk was used as an
indicator of population-level effects and compared with other
indicators of effects. The increment of egg mortality risk posed
by current p-PCAH levels was estimated to be 11.7%. This risk was
interpreted in terms of both the increase of the risk of
population decline in a 10-year period on a recently abundant
cormorant population, and the reduction in population growth rate
(r). Population decline risks of 20% and below were estimated to
be 16% for the reference population and 32% for the exposed
population, whereas the reduction in r was estimated to be 10%.
The risk expressed in terms of population viability is a more
susceptible measure and a more easily understandable indicator
than both egg mortality risk as an individual-level risk and the
reduction in r. Translating the effects due to pollutants into
the risk on population viability will make ecological risk
assessment more conductive to risk management.]
Shmuel M., Arad Z., Katzir G. & Izhaki
I. 2003. Developmental rates and morphometrics of the sympatric
Pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and Great
cormorant (P. carbo sinensis). Israel Journal
of Zoology, 49: 159-173. [Abstract.
We compared growth rates and adult morphological traits
in two sympatric cormorant species,the pygmy cormorant
(Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and the great cormorant (P.carbo sinensis
), in Israel.The smaller P.pygmeus exhibited higher developmental
rates than P. carbo sinensis, as expressed in the growth rate
constant (K) of body mass and of various body parts (bill,wing,
tarsus, primaries,and tibia lengths).The consequences of the
higher developmental rate of P.pygmeus are early fledging and a
relatively low body mass of fledglings. We suggest that several
proximate ecological and developmental factors such as risk of
nest predation,body temperature regulation,and hydrodynamics act
in concert to promote rapid development in chicks of P.pygmeus.
However,the four-fold lower body mass of the adult P.pygmeus is
probably the most important physiological constraint that might
explain its rapid growth rate in comparison with P .carbo
sinensis. The body mass and the size of various body parts of
adult P .carbo sinensis are much higher than those of adult
P.pygmeus .This difference in adult morphological attributes,
together with the marked differences in growth rates between the
two species, should be reflected in different ecological
functions that promote ecological segregation between them.
Therefore,the conservation policies and future practical
solutions of the cormorant-–fisheries conflict should be
species-specific.]
AA.VV. 2002. Der Kormoran (Phalacrocorax carbo) im
Spannungsfeld zwischen Naturschutz und Teichbewirtschaftung. Sächsische Landesstiftung Natur und Umwelt, Dresden, Germany. Pp. 1-115.
Bregnballe T. & Eskildsen J. 2002. Menneskelige indgreb i danske skarvkolonier
1994-2001. Arbejdsrapport
fra DMU nr 162 2002.
Carss D. N. & Ekins G. R. 2002. Further
European integration: Mixed sub-species colonies of Great
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in Britain: Colony establishment,
diet, and implications for fisheries management. Ardea, 90(1):
23-41. [Abstract.
Inland colonies of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in
Britain contain individuals of both European subspecies the
Atlantic Great Cormorant P.c. carbo and the Continental Great
Cormorant P.c. sinensis. Not only are the two breeding together,
they are probably hybridising. Colony size and diet were studied
in the three oldest and largest of these colonies: Abberton
Reservoir, Little Paxton and Besthorpe. Abberton was founded in
1981 and increased steadily to 526 nests in 1993, thereafter
numbers varied and averaged 464 nests per annum with a peak count
of 551 in 1996. This colony, the largest inland one in Britain,
is 7 km from the sea and breeding birds foraged mostly in
estuarine habitat. Diet was diverse (at least 26 marine and
freshwater fishes) but dominated by Eel Anguilla anguilla and
flatfishes Pleuronectidae. Calculations suggest that breeding
birds here consumed 70.3 tonnes of fish in 1993. Colony-size
trajectories for the other two colonies were similar to Abberton
but with maximum counts of around 200 pairs. Diet at these
colonies, both > 60km from the coast, comprised exclusively
freshwater fish, mostly cyprinids and particularly Roach Rutilus
rutilus. Many of the English inland colonies seem to have formed
as separate 'colonisation' events rather than following Van
Eerden & Gregersen's (1995) mother-satellite colony formation
model for the expansion of Continental Great Cormorants in
mainland Europe. Presumably such events in Britain were, at least
in part, facilitated because birds were already roosting in many
different places, and by the large number of non-breeding birds
of continental origin. We speculate on the implications of inland
mixed sub-species Great Cormorant colonies in Britain for the
future management of both Great Cormorants and fisheries.]
Childress R. B., Bennun L. A. & Harper
D. M. 2002. Population changes in sympatric Great and Long-tailed
Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo and P. africanus):
the effects of niche overlap orenvironmental change?
Hydrobiologia, 488: 163-170. [Abstract.
Between January 1993 and January 1995, the number of Great
Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) using Lake Naivasha, Kenya (00°
45' S, 36° 20' E) for foraging and resting increased 56%, while
the number of sympatric Long-tailed Cormorants (Phalacrocorax
africanus) decreased 64%. In 1995 and 1996, we documented habitat
changes and conducted monthly population and resource-use surveys
of the two species in an attempt to discover the most likely
reasons for these changes. The increase in Great Cormorants was
probably the result of immigration from nearby Lake Nakuru due to
extreme water level reductions there. Lake Naivasha also
experienced falling water levels and transparency during this
period, but these changes were not as severe and are not
considered likely reasons for the decline in Long-tailed
Cormorant numbers. Despite some probable dietary overlap, the two
species were well separated in terms of foraging locations,
foraging methods, resting habitats and breeding timing. The
decline in Long-tailed Cormorant numbers may be connected with
increased disturbance by fishermen along the lake littoral, this
species' primary feeding location.]
Dezfuli B. S., Volponi S., Beltrami I.
& Poulin R. 2002. Intra- and interspecific density-dependent effects
on growth in helminth parasites of the cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis.
Parasitology, 124: 537-544.
Eskildsen J. 2002. Skarver 2002. Naturovervĺgning. - Danmarks
Miljřundersřgelser. - Arbejdsrapport fra DMU, nr. 172. [Abstract. The number of
occupied nests of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo
was counted once in all breeding colonies in Denmark in 2002. The
total number of nests in Denmark amounted to 40,540 in 2002,
which was an increase of three percent compared with 2001.]
Evrad G. & Tarbe A-L. 2002. Etude du
régime et de la sélectivité alimentaire du Gran Cormoran (Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis) hivernant en Haute-Meuse belge. Aves, 39:
159-178.
Frederiksen M., Bregnballe T., van Eerden
M.R., van Rijn S. & J.-D. Lebreton (2002): Site fidelity of
wintering cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis in Europe.
Wildlife Biology, 8, 241-250.
Govedic M. 2002. [The diet of Great
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo on the upper Sava river
in the winter of 1998/99.] Acrocephalus,
23(115): 169-178. [Abstract.
The diet of Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo ,occurring on the
upper Sava river,was studied in the second half of the winter
1998/99 by means of regurgitated pellets, collected at the Great
Cormorants ’ night roost near Radovljica. Among 99 collected
pellets, 73 contained remains of fish. In individual
pellets,remains of 1 to 11 fish (median 2,average 2.8)were found.
Altogether,remains of 204 fish were found.Length and weight were
determined for 178 of them.The diet consisted of seven fish
species (Grayling Thymallus thymallus ,Trout Salmo trutta, Chub
Leuciscus cephalus, Perch Perca fluviatilis, Danube Roach Rutilus
pigus virgo ,Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss ,and Roach Rutilus
rutilus ).The diet was dominated by Grayling (51.0% by number,
64.3%by biomass and 69.9%by occurrence),Trout (21.1%by
number,9.7%by biomass,and 34.3%by occurrence)and Chub (9.3%by
number,14.4% by biomass, and 13.7% by occurrence).Prey size
ranged from 3.7 cm (undetermined Cyprinidae)to 40.8 cm
(Grayling)and mass from <1.0 g (undetermined Cyprinidae)to
714.9 g (Grayling).Most frequent length class was 15 -20 cm
(33.1%).Average length of prey was 16.3 cm (median 16.3
cm).Average length of Grayling was 18.5 cm (median 18.2 cm,Q1
-Q3:15.0 -20.4 cm, min -max:4.5 -30.8 cm)and 12.8 cm of Trout
(median 12.4 cm, Q1 -Q3:10 -14.9 cm,min -max:5.7 -22.4
cm).Significant differences between months in number of specimens
of the three most important fish species were probably a
consequence of different feeding areas.Grayling and Chub were
assumed to be in a larger proportion in the Great Cormorant
’s diet than in the feeding habitat.]
Govedic M., Janzekovic F. & Kos I.
2002. [The diet of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo on the
Sava river between Ljubljana and Zagorje (Slovenia).]
Acrocephalus, 23(110-111): 5-20. [Abstract. Diet of Great Cormorants
Phalacrocorax carbo occurring on the Sava river between
Ljubljana and Zagorje was studied in the winter 1998/99 by means
of regurgitated pellets,collected at the Cormorants ’night
roost at Hotic. Among 473 collected pellets, 69.8 %contained
remains of fish.The pellets also contained worms Nematoda and
tapeworms Cestoda,remains of caddis flies Trichoptera,snails
Gastropoda and a frog Rana sp.In separate pellets, remains of 1
to 69 fish (median 2, average 3.9) were found:in 41.8 % pellets
remains of 1 fish, in 93.6 %remains of up to 10 fish. Altogether,
remains of 1,288 fish were found.Length and weight were
determined for 1,279 of them.Total weight of these fish was
estimated at 57 kg. The diet consisted of 12 fish species (trout
almo trutta ,grayling Thymallus thymallus, chub Leuciscus
cephalus, nase Chondrostoma nasus, danube roach Rutilus pigus
virgo ,roach Rutilus rutilus, barbel Barbus barbus ,bream Abramis
brama, bleak Alburnus alburnus, pike Esox lucius, perch Perca
fluviatilis and ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus ).The diet was
dominated by Cyprinidae (85.8 %by number,90.5 %by
biomass).Grayling and trout were represented with 6.5 %by number
and 3.6 %by mass and pike, perch and ruffe in 7.3 %by number and
3.6 %by mass.Inside Cyprinidae chub with 16.4 %by number and 38.6
%by biomass and nase with 3.9 %by number and 16.5 %by biomass
were most frequent.The proportion of undetermined Cyprinidae was
57.1 %by number and 28.5 %by mass.Prey size ranged from 23 to 345
mm.Most frequent length class was 70-170 mm (50 %by number and 19
%by mass),but large individuals (>170 mm)were most important
(25.0% by number and 80.1 %by mass)in the diet of Great
Cormorants.The numbers of specimens of Cyprinidae, Percidae and
Salmonidae between months were significant,while the numbers of
specimens of determined Cyprinids were not.We concluded that the
differences in the investigated area depended more on random
detection of fish.Chub and nase are species with shoaling habits,
and were assumed that they were easier detectable by Great
Cormorants than the non-shoaling species.]
L'vov D.K., Dzharkenov A.F., L'vov D.N.,
Aristova V.A., Kovtunov A.I., Gromashevskii V.L., Vyshemirskii
O.I., Galkina I.V., Al'khovskii S.V., Samokhvalov E.I., Prilipov
A.G., Deriabin P.G., Odolevskii E.I., Ibragimov R.M. 2002.
[Isolation of the West Nile fever virus from the great cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo, the crow Corvus corone, and Hyalomma
marginatum ticks associated with them in natural and
synanthroic biocenosis in the Volga delta (Astrakhan region,
2001)] [Article in Russian]. Vopr Virusol. 2002
Sep-Oct;47(5):7-12. [Abstract.
Four strains identified as West Nile fever virus by inhibited
hemagglutination and neutralization tests, enzyme immunoassay,
and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were isolated
during a virological examination of birds and their collected
ticks in the natural and synanthropic biocenoses of the Volga
delta. The strains were isolated from the great cormorant
(Phalacrocorax carbo), the crow (Corvus corone) and its collected
Hyalomma marginatum nymphs. The types of interpopulational
relations in the ecological system
wild-birds-virus-mosquitoes-synanthroic birds-ticks are
discussed.]
Zydelis R., G. Grazulevicius, J.
Zarankaite, R. Mecionis & Maciulis M. 2002. Expansion of the Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis) population in western Lithuania. Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 12(3): 283-287.
Alessandria G., Carpegna G. & Della
Toffola M. 2001. Il Cormorano nella regione Piemontese. Riv.
Piem. St. Nat., 22: 261-280.
Barus V., F. Tenora, S. Krácmar &
Prokes M. 2001. Cadmium and lead concentrations in Contracaecum
rudolphii (Nematoda) and its host, the cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo (Aves). Folia Parasitologica, 48(3):
Engstrom H. 2001. Long term effects of
cormorant predation on fish communities and fishery in a
freshwater lake. Ecography, 24(2): 127-138.
Engstrom H. 2001. The occurrence of the
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in Sweden, with
special emphasis on the recent population growth. Ornis Svecica,
11:155-170.
Frantová D. 2001. Capillariid nematodes
(Nematoda: Capillariidae) parasitic in the common cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo), with redescription of Baruscapillaria carbonis (Dubinin
et Dubinina, 1940). Folia Parasitologica, 48(3): 225-230. [Abstract. Two species of
the genus Baruscapillaria Moravec, 1982 are known to parasitise
the small intestine of the common cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
(L.): Baruscapillaria carbonis (Dubinin et Dubinina, 1940) and B.
rudolphii Moravec, Scholz et Nasincova, 1994. A redescription of
the former species, based on specimens collected from common
cormorants shot in South Bohemia, Czech Republic, is provided.
Morphological features distinguishing B. carbonis and B.
rudolphii are specified. B. carbonis is characterised mainly by
the well-developed membranous bursa in the male, composed of five
distinct lobes (four lateral and one spur-shaped dorsal); the
length of the spicule is 1.9-2.3 mm; gravid females are provided
with a long vulvar appendage. Males of B. rudolphii have reduced,
bi-lobed membranous bursa and the spicule is 0.9-1.3 mm long; the
vulvar appendage is absent in gravid females. This is the first
record of B. carbon is in the Czech Republic.]
Frederiksen M. & Bregnballe T. 2001.
Conspecific reproductive success affects age of recruitment in a
great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis colony.
Proceedings of the Royal Society London, Series B Biological
Sciences, 268: 1519-1526.
Frederiksen M., Lebreton J.-D. &
Bregnballe T. 2001. The interplay between culling and
density-dependence in the great cormorant: a modelling approach.
Journal of Applied Ecology, 38: 617-627.
Grémillet D. S. Wanless, D.N. Carss, D.
Linton., M.P. Harris, J.R. Speakman & Le Maho Y. 2000.
Foraging energetics of arctic cormorants and the evolution of
diving birds. Ecology letters, 4: 180-184.
Iseki N., Masunaga S. & Nakanishi J.
2001. Comparison Residue Levels of Polychlorinated
Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Coplanar
PCBs in Eggs of Common Cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo Collected
from Two Colonies of Japan. Journal Japan Society on Water
Environment, 24(7): 447-453.
Johansen R., Barrett R.T. & Pedersen T.
2001. Foraging strategies of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo carbo wintering north of the arctic circle. BIRD
STUDY, 48: 59-67.
Kato A., Watanuk Y. & Naito Y. 2001.
Foraging and breeding performance of Japanese cormorants in
relation to prey type. Ecol. Research 16: 745 - 758. [Abstract. Seabirds are
high trophic predators in marine ecosystems and are sensitive to
change in food supply and thus seabirds can be used as monitors
of the marine environment. In order to study the foraging
responses of Japanese cormorants Phalacrocorax filamentosus
breeding at Teuri Island, Hokkaido to changes in fish
availability, the diet was assessed from the regurgitations of
parents and chicks, and diving behavior was measured by using
time-depth recorders. Breeding performance (brood size, chick
growth, breeding success) was monitored using conventional
methods to study their breeding responses. Japanese cormorants
changed the diet and foraging behavior over four summers. The
birds fed mainly on epipelagic schooling fish when they were
available and on demersal fish when pelagic fish availability was
low. They tended to dive deeper and longer in a year when they
fed mainly on demersal fish than the other years, reflecting the
change in the depth distribution of prey fish. Chick growth rate
did not differ among years, but fledging success was lower in the
years of demersal fish as their meal delivery rate was low. When
epipelagic schooling fish were considered scare, parents
maintained chick growth by reducing brood size. High variability
and unpredictability in pelagic fish abundance are key factors
affecting the foraging and breeding performance of Japanese
cormorants, which could potentially be used to monitor fish
resources.]
Otel V. & Kiss J.B. 2001. Data
concerning the food components of the Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo) in the Danube Delta, colony Martinca. Scientific
Annals of the Danube Institute for Research and Develpment,
Tulcea, Romania, vol. 2001: 186-191.
Saulamo K., Andersson J. & Thoresson G.
2001. Skarv och fisk vid svenska Östersjökusten. Fiskeriverket informerar 2001:7 (1-21). [Abstract.The abundance of
the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) has
increased rapidly in Europe during the last decade. In Sweden,
the number of nesting pairs was 15,400 in 1998. The core-area of
the Swedish cormorant populations is in the Kalmar sound area,
where the number of breeding pairs in the largest colony
(Svartö) was about 3,000 in 1998. The increasing number of
cormorants has led to conflicts between different user-groups,
mainly fishermen and conservationists. The abundance of the Great
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) has increased
rapidly in Europe during the last decade. In Sweden, the number
of nesting pairs was 15 400 in 1998. The core-area of the Swedish
cormorant population is in the Kalmar sound area, where the
number of breeding pairs in the largest colony (Svartö) was
about 3 000 in 1998. The increasing number of cormorants has led
to conflicts between different usergroups, mainly fishermen and
conservationists. Possible effects of cormorant predation on fish
populations were studied with a model based on published data
from studies of cormorant diet and fish monitoring performed in
three different coastal areas, including Kalmar sound. Eurasian
perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), which is an important prey
object for cormorants in the area, was used as model species. It
was shown that high mortality of 4-5 year old perch in the Kalmar
sound area could be related to cormorant predation. With a total
daily consumption of 600 grams of fish, constituting 20-30% of
perch averaging 22.5 cm length, estimated mortalities from
testfishing and from the model showed best fit. At such predation
pressure mortality overrides the production of perch, and may
result in a significant reduction of the perchstock. Also effects
on eel (Anquilla anquilla L.) were studied using Catch
Per Unit Effort and length data from five different areas. The
CPUE's were lower in areas close the cormorant colonies. ]
Schjřrring S. 2001: Ecologically
determined natal philopatry within a colony of great cormorants.
Behavioural Ecology, 12: 287-294.
Surai P. F., Bortolotti G. R., Fidgett A.
L., Blount J. D. & Speake B. K. 2001. Effects of piscivory on
the fatty acid profiles and antioxidants of avian yolk: studies
on eggs of the gannet, skua, pelican and cormorant. Journal of
Zoology, 255(3): 305-312.
Volponi S. 2001. Il piano sperimentale per
la riduzione dell'impatto di predazione indotto dai cormorano
svernanti nel Delta del Po veneto. Boll. Mus. Civ. St. Nat.
Venezia, suppl. vol. 51(2000): 52-61. [Abstract - Full text .pdf
(in Italian with English abstract)].
Winney B. J., Litton C. D., Parkin D. T.
& Feare C. J. 2001. The subspecific origin of the inland
breeding colonies of the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in Britain. Heredity, 86(1): 45-53. [Ref. 2001-7]
Allchin C. R., Morris S., Bennett M., Law
R. J. & Russell I. 2000. P177 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether
Residues in Cormorant (Phalocrocorax carbo L.) Livers from
England, UK. Organohalogen Compounds, 47: 190-193.
Aurigi S., Focardi S., Hulea D. &
Renzoni A. 2000. Organochlorine contamination in bird's eggs from the
Danube Delta. Environmental
Pollution, 109(1): 61-67. [Ref. 2000-12]
Boschert M., Mahler U. & Schuster S.
2000. [Breeding distribution and population size of the Cormorant
(Phalacrocorax carbo) in the federal state of
Baden-Württemberg].Ornithologische Jahreshefte für
Baden-Württemberg, 16: 1-6. (In German, English summary).
Bregnballe T. & Rasmussen T. 2000.
Post-breeding dispersal of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis from Danish breeding colonies. Dansk
Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift, 94: 175-187.
Budworth, D., M. Canham, H. Clark, B.
Hughes & Sellers R. M . 2000. Status, productivity,
movements, and mortality of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo breeding in Caithness, Scotland: a study of a declining
population. Atlantic Seabirds, 2: 165-180.
Konstantinou K., Goutner V.
& Albanis T. A. 2000. The incidence of
polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide residues in
the eggs of the cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis):
an evaluation of the situation in four Greek wetlands of
international importance. The Science of The Total Environment,
257: 61-79. [Abstract.
This study contributed to identifying the current levels
of organochlorine pollutants in four Greek wetlands of
international importance (the Evros and Axios Deltas, and Kerkini
and Prespa Lakes), using the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
sinensis as a suitable bioindicator in a region where such
information is scarce. Residue levels of eight polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 13 organochlorine pesticide (OC)
compounds were measured in cormorant eggs. Most PCBs and OCs
(except dieldrin and endrin) were found in at least some of the
study areas. Median concentrations of five PCBs (IUPAC 8, 20, 52,
138, 180) and of six OCs (alfa-BHC, beta-BHC, lindane,
heptachlor, 4,4'-DDE and 4,4'-DDT) differed significantly among
the areas. The median totals of the PCBs were highly significant
among the areas, being unexpectedly highest in Prespa Lake (68.43
ppb), despite its remoteness, and lowest in Evros Delta samples
(12.17 ppb). Aldrin that was found in samples from Evros, Axios
and Prespa probably accumulated in wintering grounds. In all of
the areas, the relative proportions of alfa-BHC and 2,4'-DDD were
the highest of all OCs. Fingerprint and cluster analyses
illustrated overall differences in the PCB patterns, being
greatest between the deltas than between the lakes, but,
inversely, for OCs the differences were smaller in the deltas.
Differences were attributed to large variations in the
cormorants’ diet between areas and different regimes of
pollutant management in the two types of wetland. Correlations of
pollutants varied considerably among areas and they were more
diverse in OCs. The ?OCs/?PCBs ratio indicates agrochemical
pollution in all areas. An important finding was that levels of
both pollutant groups were too low to have any biological
implications on the cormorants and, additionally, suggest that
they have a negligible impact on the environment of the wetlands
studied.]
Dawson A. 2000. Mechanisms of
endocrine disruption with particular reference to occurrencein
avian wildlife: A review.
Ecotoxicology, 9(1-2): 59-69. [Ref. 2000-5]
Debout G. 2000. Les conséquences de
la nidification du Grand Cormoran Phalacrocorax carbo
sur celle du Cormoran huppé Phalacrocorax aristotelis.
Alauda, 68 (1): 1-9.
Frederiksen M. & Bregnballe T.
2000. Evidence for density-dependent survival in adult cormroants
from a combined analisys of recoveries and resightings. Journal
of Animal Ecology, 69: 737-752.
Frederiksen M. & Bregnballe T.
2000. Diagnosing a decline in return rate of 1-year-old
cormorants: mortality, emigration or delayed return ? Journal of
Animal Ecology, 69: 753-761.
Govedic M. 2001. [Diets of cormorants
(Phalacrocorax carbo) in region of Sava river between Ljubljana
and Zagorje (Slovenia)]. Graduation Thesis, University of
Ljubljana, Slovenia. (In Slovenian, English abstract). [Ref. 2001-3]
Grémillet D. & Wanless S. 2000.
Cormorants need fast food. NERC News, Autumn: 4-5.
Hatch J.J., K. M. Brown, G. G. Hogan &
Morris R.D. 2000. Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo).
In: The Birds of North America, No. 44 (A. Poole & F. Gill,
eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Higuchi T., J. Hirokawa & Shinjo H.
2000. [The first record of a flock of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo in Hokkaido {Japan}.] Strix 18: 149--152. (Dept. Gen.
Educ., Health Sci., Univ. Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757, Tobetsu-cho,
Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.) (Japanese, Engl. summ.).
Hirano T. et al. 2000. [The
distribution and abundance of Great Cormorants in Tochigi
Prefecture [Japan].] Strix 18: 29--43. (Wild Bird Soc. Japan,
Tochigi Chapter, Hanawada 2-5-1, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0027,
Japan.) --- Population increase of Phalacrocorax carbo.
(Japanese, Engl. summ.).
Hughes B, J. Bruce, G. R. Ekins &
Newson S. 2000. Movements and distribution of inland breeding
Cormorants in England.
English Nature Research Report No 360. [rif. 2000-9]
Gremillet D., Storch S. & Peters G.
2000. Determining
food requirements in marine top predators: a comparison of three
independent techniques in Great Cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo
carbo. CANADIAN JOURNAL
OF ZOOLOGY - REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE, 78(9): 1567-1579.
[rif. 2000-14]
Guruge K.S., Tanabe S. & Fukuda M.
2000. Toxic Assessment of PCBs by the
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Equivalent in Common
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Japan. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38(4): 509.
Ishida A., et al. 2000. [The population
increase of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and
its damaging effect on fisheries and trees in Japan---the present
situation, the problems in each area and future measures.] Strix,
18: 1-27. (Aichi For. Inst., Hourai, Minamishitara, Aichi
441-1622, Japan.) --- Describe damage to fisheries and forestry
industries and suggest future measures with reference to cases in
other countries. (Japanese, Engl. summ.) ---
Konstantinou I. K., Goutner
V. & Albanis T. A. 2000. The incidence of
polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide residues in
the eggs of the cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis):
an evaluation of the situation in four Greek wetlands of
international importance. The Science of the Total Environment,
257(1): 61-79. [Abstract.
This study contributed to identifying the current levels of
organochlorine pollutants in four Greek wetlands of international
importance (the Evros and Axios Deltas, and Kerkini and Prespa
Lakes), using the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
as a suitable bioindicator in a region where such information is
scarce. Residue levels of eight polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
congeners and 13 organochlorine pesticide (OC) compounds were
measured in cormorant eggs. Most PCBs and OCs (except dieldrin
and endrin) were found in at least some of the study areas.
Median concentrations of five PCBs (IUPAC 8, 20, 52, 138, 180)
and of six OCs (alfa-BHC, beta-BHC, lindane, heptachlor, 4,4'-DDE
and 4,4'-DDT) differed significantly among the areas. The median
totals of the PCBs were highly significant among the areas, being
unexpectedly highest in Prespa Lake (68.43 ppb), despite its
remoteness, and lowest in Evros Delta samples (12.17 ppb). Aldrin
that was found in samples from Evros, Axios and Prespa probably
accumulated in wintering grounds. In all of the areas, the
relative proportions of alfa-BHC and 2,4'-DDD were the highest of
all OCs. Fingerprint and cluster analyses illustrated overall
differences in the PCB patterns, being greatest between the
deltas than between the lakes, but, inversely, for OCs the
differences were smaller in the deltas. Differences were
attributed to large variations in the cormorants’ diet
between areas and different regimes of pollutant management in
the two types of wetland. Correlations of pollutants varied
considerably among areas and they were more diverse in OCs. The
?OCs/?PCBs ratio indicates agrochemical pollution in all areas.
An important finding was that levels of both pollutant groups
were too low to have any biological implications on the
cormorants and, additionally, suggest that they have a negligible
impact on the environment of the wetlands studied. ]
Lekuona J. M. & Campos F. 2000. Site
fidelity of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo wintering in southern
France and northern Spain. Ringing and Migration, 20(2): 181-185.
Newson S.E. 2000. Colonisation and range
expansion of inland breeding great cormorants Phalacrocrax carbo
in England. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol.
Roper P, Rutherford B., Wilson M., Rasch S.
& Brerton T. 2000. Great cormorants exploiting fish
concentration caused by heavy rain. British Birds, 93(1): 39.
Schjorring S., J. Gregersen &
Bregnballe T. 2000. Sex difference in
criteria determining fidelity towards breeding sites in the great
cormorant. Journal of
Animal Ecology, 69: 214-223. [rif. 2000-1]
Saeki, K., Y. Okabe, E.Y. Kim, S.
Tanabe, M. Fukuda and R. Tatsukawa, 2000. Mercury and cadmium
in common cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Environmental Pollution, 108(2):
249255. [rif. 2000-2]
Stempniewicz L., Goc M., Bzoma S., Nitecki
C. & Iliszko L. 2000. Can timing and synchronisation of
breeding affect chick mortality in the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo? Acta Ornithologica, 35: 33-39. [Abstract. In 1996,
following a relatively severe and prolonged winter, Great
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis started to breed at the
Katy Rybackie colony (NE Poland) one month later than in 1995 but
breeding finished at the same time in both years. The estimated
total food consumption of the Cormorants was lower during the
shorter and more synchronised 1996 breeding season (737 tonnes)
than in 1995 (805 tonnes) despite the larger population present
in 1996 (5929 pairs) than in 1995 (4942). However, during the
period of peak energy need in June the estimated total daily food
consumption of Cormorants present in the colony was about 2
tonnes higher in 1996. In June 1996, after a couple of windy
days, 24.3% of chicks died and the total fledging success was
lower (2.19 fledglings/nest) than in 1995 (2.45). The observed
mass chick mortality could be due to the combined effect of
strong breeding synchronisation, decreased food availability, and
increased costs of foraging due to strong winds. Large breeding
colonies of Cormorants can only function successfully when the
suitable breeding period is prolonged and breeding can start
early. Long-term climate change due to global warming could have
favoured the observed Cormorant population increase during the
last decades and its expansion into NE Europe. Asynchrony could
be adaptive towards alleviating the food requirements of both
individual broods and the whole colony.]
van den Berg A. B., van Loon A.J &
McGeehan A. 2000. Aalscholver met kenmerken van Grote Aalscholver
to Hees in februari 2000 [Great Cormorant showing characters of
Atlantic Great cormorant at Heel in February 2000]. Dutch
birding, 22(1): 21-
Bearhop S., D. R. Thompson, S. Waldron, I.
C. Russell, G. Alexander & Furness R. W. 1999. Stable
isotopes indicate extent of freshwater feeding by cormorants
Phalacrocorax carbo shot at inland fisheries in England. J. Appl.
Ecol., 36: 75-84.
Bregnballe T. 1999. Seasonal and
geographical variation in net-entrapment of Danish Great
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. Dansk
Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift, 93: 247-254.
Camphuysen C. J. 1999. New feeding
technique of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
at beam trawlers. Atlantic Seabirds, 1: 85-90.
Carss D.N. & Marquiss N. 1999. Fish
eating birds and fisheries. Scotish Bird News. 55:6-7.
Carss D.N. & Marquiss N. 1999.
Skeletons in the cupboard? Quantifying bird predation on Atlantic
salmon: atlas vertebra:fish length equations revisited. Journal
of Zoology, 248: 272-276. --- Throughout
Europe there is considerable concern about the potential impact
of sawbill ducks Mergus spp. and great cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo on catches of commercial fish (reviews by Marquiss
& Carss, 1994; Russell et al., 1996). A prerequisite
to estimating impact is to quantify the consumption of
commercially important fish by birds. This requires site-specific
data on (1) bird numbers, (2) their daily food intake and (3)
diet. Considerable effort has been directed at quantifying (2)
and (3) and exploring the biases associated with different
methods (see Carss et al., 1997 for review). ---
Grémillet D., Wanless S., Krause M. &
Jensen J. 1999. Great Cormorants diving in cold water: the tricks
of the trade. Comp. Physiol. & Biochem., 124A: 22
Grémillet D. & Wilson R. P.
1999. A life in the fast lane: energetics and foraging
strategies of the great cormorant. Behavioral Ecology, 10(5): 516-524. [rif. 1999-3]
Grémillet D., R. P. Wilson, S.
Storch & Gary Y. 1999. Three-dimensional space
utilization by a marine predator. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 183: 263-273.
[rif. 1999-2]
Grémillet D., R. P. Wilson, Wanless S.
Peters G. 1999. A tropical bird in the Arctic (the
cormorant paradox).
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 188: 305-309. [rif. 1999-4]
Grieco F. 1999. Nest-site limitations and
colony development in tree-nesting Great Cormorants. Waterbirds,
22(3): 417-423.
Johansen R., T. Petersen & Barrett R.
1999. Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo carbo as predators in a cod
Gadus morhua enhancement area in North Norway. Pp. 334-349. In:
Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching (B. Howell, E. Mokness &
Svĺsand T., eds.). Fishing News Books, Oxford, England.
Keller T. 1999. Wiring and exclosure
systems as tools to reduce cormorant depredations at fish farms.
pp. 239-249. in D.P. Cowand and C.J. Feare [eds.] Advances
in vertebrate pest management. Filander Verlag, Fürth.
Keller T. M. & Visser G. H. 1999. Daily
energy expenditure of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo
sinensis wintering at Lake Chiemsee, Southern Germany. Ardea,
87(1), pp. 61.
Lekuona J. M. 1999. Effects of the fishing
strategy, the relative position and the size of fishing groups on
the foraging success of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo
during winter. Ardeola 46 (1): 13--21. (Virgen del Puy, 5, 7.-D,
E-31011, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; EM: nd10313@autovia.com).
Nagasawa K., Barus V., Tenora F., Prokes M.
& Oka N. 1999. Validity and redescription of Contracaceum
himeu (Nematoda, Anisakidae), a parasite of cormorants in
Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Ser. A Zoology,
25 (3): 149-161.
Narusue M., T. Matsuzawa, N. Kato &
Fukui K.. 1999. [Questionnaire survey on possible relations
between Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and fishery damage
in inland waters.] Strix 17: 133--145. (Res. Ctr., Wild Bird Soc.
Japan, 2-35-2 Minamidaira, Hino, Tokyo 191-0041, Japan.)
(Japanese, Engl. summary).
Okadome T. & Sasahara M. 1999. Five
dipterous flies bred from Japanese cormorant feces in Japan.
Eisei dobutsu, 50(4): 341
Rehfisch M. M., Wernham C. V. &
Marchant J. H. 1999. Population, distribution, movements and
survival of fish-eating birds in Great Britain. DETR & BTO.
Schjřrring S., Gregersen J. &
Bregnballe T. 1999. Prospecting enhances breeding success of
first-time breeders in the Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis. Animal Behaviour, 57: 647-654.
Semenzato M. & Tiloca G. 1999. Prima
nidificazione di Cormorano (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis)
in Veneto e aggiornamenti sugli uccelli nidificanti nelal garzaia
di Valle Figheri (Laguna di Venezia). Lavori Societŕ Ven.
Scienze Naturali, 24: 129-130.
Stumberger B. 1997. Monitoring velikih
kormoranov Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis v SV Sloveniji.
[Monitoring of the cormorant Phalacrcorax carbo sinensis
in NE Slovenia]. DOPPS - BirdLife International Slovenia.
Storch S., Grémillet D. & Culik B. M.
1999. The telltale heart: a non-invasive method to determine the
energy expenditure of incubating Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo. Ardea, 87(2): 207-215
Troillet B. 1999. Répartition et
effectifs du Grand Cormoran (Phalacrocorax carbo)
en Europe. [Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
distribution and numbers in Europe]. Gibier Faune Sauvage, 16:
177-223. (In French with English and German summaries).
Volponi S. 1999. Reproduction of a
Newly-established Population of the Great Cormorant in
North-eastern Italy. Waterbirds, 22(2): 263-273. [rif. 1999-1; summary - .pdf]
Wernham C.V.
& Peach W.J. 1999. Use of ring recoveries to monitor
long-term changes in the survival rates of British and Irish
cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo. Bird Study, 46(Suppl.):
S189-S197.
Bildsře M., I.B. Jensen & Vestergaard
K.S. 1998. Foraging behaviour of cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo in pound nets in Denmark: the use of barrel nets to
reduce predation. Wildlife Biology, 4: 129-136.
Bzoma S. 1998. The contribution of round
goby (Neogobius melanostomus Pallas, 1811) to the food
supply of cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758)
feeding in the Puck Bay. Bulletin Sea Fisheries Institute,
144(2): 39-47.
Callaghan D.A., Kirby J.S., Bell M.C. &
Spray C.J. 1998. Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo occupancy
and impact at stillwater game fisheries in England and Wales.
Bird Study, 45: 1-17.
Engström H. 1998. Conflicts between
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo L. and fishery in Sweden.
Nord. J. of Freshw. Res. 74: 1148 - 155.
Goostrey A., D.N. Carss, L. R. Noble
& Piertney S. B. 1998. Population introgression and
differentiation in the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 7(3): 329-338.
Grémillet D. & Argentin G. 1998.
Cormorants, Shags and fisheries in the Chausey Islands area. Le
Cormoran, 10 : 196-202.
Grémillet D., G. Argentin, B. Schulte
& Culik B. M. 1998. Flexible foraging techniques in breeding
cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and shags Phalacrocorax
aristotelis: benthic or pelagic feeding? Ibis, 140: 113-119.
Grémillet D. & Debout G. 1999.
Exploitation du milieu par deux espčces sympatriques de
cormorans. Le Cormoran, 10: 167-168.
Grémillet D., L. Tuschy & Kierspel M.
1998. Body temperature and insulation in diving Great Cormorants
and European Shags. Funct. Ecol, 12: 386-394.
Grémillet D. & Wilson R. P. 1998. A
remote-controlled net trap for ground-breeding seabirds. Seabird,
20 : 44-47.
Grzegorz Kopij. 1998. Diet of Whitebreasted
Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo nestlings in the
south-eastern Free State, South Africa. South African journal of
wildlife research, 28(3): 100.
Kato Akiko, Watanuki Yutaka & Naito
Yasuhiko. 1998. Benthic and pelagic foraging of two Japanese
cormorants, determined by simultaneous recording of location and
diving activity. J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol., 30(2): 101-108.
[English, summ. Jap.].
Keller T. 1998. The food of Cormorants
(Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) in Bavaria. Journal Ornithologie,
139(4): 389-400.
Kopij G. 1998. Diet of Whitebreasted
cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo nestlings in the
south-eastern Free-State, South-Africa. South African Journal
Wildlife Research, 28(3): 100-102.
Leukona J. M. 1998. Impact of Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis, Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus and
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea on a fish farm in Navarra [Spain]
during the winter season. Ardeola, 45(2): 171-182. (c/o Virgen de
Puy, 5, 7D, E-31011 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; EM: nd10313@autovia.com)
Lekuona J. M. & Campos F. 1998.
Wintering distribution of day roosts, night roosts and feeding
areas of Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis(Depto.
Zool. Ecol., Fac. Cienc., Univ. ) in rivers from Navarra [Spain].
Misc. Zool., 21(1): 61-74. Navarra, E-31080 Pamplona, Spain).
Leopold M. F., Van Damme C. J. G
& Vanderveer H. W. 1998. Diet of cormorants and the impact of
cormorant predation on juvenile flatfish in the Dutch Wadden Sea.
Journal of Sea Research, 40(1-2): pp. 93.
Piertney S. B., Goostrey A., Dallas
J. F. & Carss D. N. 1998. Highly polymorphic microsatellite
markers in the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo. Molecular
Ecology, 7(1): 138-140.
Stempniewicz L., M. Goc & Nitecki Cz .
1998. [The need to conduct ecological studies on the Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo in Poland.] Notatki Ornitol. 39: 33--46.
(Katedra Ekologii Kręgowców UG., Legionów 9, 80-441 Gdańsk,
Poland.) --- Extensive studies of limiting factors and bird
impact on fisheries necessary. (Polish, Engl. summary). ---
Volponi S. & Rossi R. 1998. Predazione degli uccelli ittiofagi in acquacoltura
estensiva: valutazione dell'impatto e sperimentazione di mezzi di
dissuasione incruenta.
Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 5(3): 1375-1384. (Italian, Engl. summary). [Ref. 1998-3].
Wlasow T., Gomulka P., Martyniak A.,
Boron S., Hliwa P., Terlecki J. & Szymanska U. 1998. Anguillicola
crassus larvae in cormorants prey fish In Vistula Lagoon,
Poland. Bulletin Francais de la pčche et de la pisciculture,
(349): pp. 223.
Addis P. & Cau A. 1997. Impact of the
feeding habits of the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
sinensis on the lagoon fish-stocks in central-western Sardinia.
Avocetta, 21: 180-187.
Ancel A., M. Horning & Kooyman G. L.
1997. Prey ingestion revealed by esophagus and stomach
temperature recordings in Cormorants. Journal Experimental
Biology, 200(1): 149-154.
Asbirk S. 1997. Management plan for
cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in Denmark. Ekologia
polska, 45(1): 271-272.
Baccetti N. 1997. Recent development of
the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo population in Italy.
Ekologia polska, 45(1): 9-10.
Baccetti N. & G. Cherubini (Eds.).
1997. 4th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON CORMORANTS.Supplemento Ricerche Biologia Selvaggina,
vol. XXVI, pp. 591
Batty R. E. & Forbes L. 1997. Grey
Heron exploiting behaviour of Great Cormorant, and attempting to
rob it. Br. Birds 90: 122.
Baumanis J., U. Bergmanis & V.
Smislov. 1997. Breeding status of the cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo in Latvia. Ekologia polska, 45(1): 11-14.
Beccaria A. 1997. [The Cormorant's diet
(Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis Blumenbach, 1798) and its impact on
the ichthyocommunity.] Riv. Piem. St. Nat. 18: 241--247. (Via
Ortigara 7-12048 Mondovi (CN), Italy.) ---Pellet analysis from 3
winters. (Italian, Engl. summ.)---
Bianki V., N. Boiko & V. Kokhanov.
1997. The cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in Kandalaksha Bay
(White Sea, Russia). Ekologia polska, 45(1): 15-16.
Boertmann D. & Mosbech A. 1997.
Breeding distribution and abundance of the Great Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo carbo in Greenland. Polar Research, 16:
93-100.
Boldreghini P., R. Santolini &
Pandolfi M. 1997. Abundance and frequency of occurrence of
prey-fish in the diet of cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in
the Po river delta (northern Italy) during the wintering period.
Ekologia polska, 45(1): 191-196.
Boldreghini P., R. Santolini, S. Volponi,
L. Casini, F. L. Montanari & Tinarelli R. 1997. Variations in
the use of foraging areas by a cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo wintering
population: a case study in the Po Delta (northern Italy).
Ekologia polska, 45(1): 197-200.
Boldreghini P., S. Volponi, R. Santolini,
G. Cherubini & P. Utmar. 1997. Recent trend of cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo population wintering in the northern Adriatic (Italy).
Ekologia polska, 45(1): 17-22
Boudewijn T. J. & S. Dirksen. 1997.
Improved breeding success of cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in
a severely contaminated area in The Netherlands by a shift in
food composition. 1997.a progress report. Ekologia polska, 45(1):
201-206.
Bregnballe T. & Gregersen J. 1997.
Age-related reproductive success in cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo. Ekologia polska, 45(1): 127-136.
Bregnballe T. & J. Gregersen. 1997.
Development of the breeding population of the cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo in Denmark up to 1993. Ekologia polska, 45(1): 23-30
Bregnballe T., Frederiksen M. &
Gregersen J. 1997. Seasonal distribution and timing of migration
of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis breeding in Denmark.
Bird Study 44: 257-276. (Natl. Environ. Res. Inst., Dept. Coastal
Zone Ecol., Grenavej 12, DK-8410 Ronde, Denmark). --- Majority spend winter in Mediterranean
France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Albania, Algeria and especially
Tunisia. Adults winter farther north than 1st-years and males
stay nearer breeding areas than females.---
Bregnballe T., Goss-Custard J.D. & Le
V. Dit Durell S.E.A. 1997. Management of cormorant numbers in
Europe: a second step towards a European conservation and
management plan. Pp. 62-122 In: Cormorants and human interests:
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Dirksen S., T. J. Boudewijn, L. K. Slager,
R. G. Mes, M. J. M. van Schaick & de Voogt P. 1995. Reduced
breeding success of cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis)
in relation to persistent organochlorine pollution of aquatic
habitats in the Netherlands. Environ. Pollut., 88: 119-132.
Dirksen S. et al. 1995. Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis in shallow eutrophic freshwater lakes: prey
choice and fish consumption in the non-breeding period and
effects of large-scale fish removal. Ardea, 83 (1): 167-184.
---Cormorants probably support water management by preferentially
catching fish hazardous to transparency of water.---
Franckx H. 1995. Is the cormorant becoming
a problem ? Wielewaal, 61: 120.
Feltham M.J. & Davies J.M. 1995. Diet
of cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo L., from two fisheries
in north-west England. Fish. Manage. & Ecol., 2:157-159.
Feltham M.J. & Davies J.M. 1995. How
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Management Annual Study Course, Lancaster 1994, 25:143-166.
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in Cormorants. J. Avian Biol., 26: 176.
Grémillet D., D. Schmid & Culik B.
1995. Energy requírements of breeding Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 121: 1-9.
Hustler K. 1995. Cormorant and Darter prey
size selection under experimental conditions. Ostrich 66:
109--113. (P.O. Box 159, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe).
Kasoma P. M. B. 1995. Cormorant
regurgitation and scavenging by large waterbirds at an avian
loafing site in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Afr. J.
Ecol., 33: 294-296.
Keller T. 1995. Food of Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis wintering in Bavaria, southern Germany. Ardea,
83 (1): 185-192. (Weinbergstrasse 9, D--97753 Karlstadt-Stetten,
Germany.)---Unlikely that birds impose serious threat to
commercial fisheries, with 3.3% taken of annual fish production
at Chiemsee and 21% at lower Inn.
Kirby J. S., A. S. Gilburn & Sellers R.
M . 1995. Status, distribution and habitat use by Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo wintering in Britain. Ardea, 83 (1): 93-102. (Res.
Cons. Dept., Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge,
Gloucester, GL2 7BT, UK.)---Total winter population reached
19,000 birds in 1991, with 25% increase per annum since
1987/88.---
Koffijberg K., & van Eerden M. R .
1995. Sexual dimorphism in the Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
sinensis: possible implications for differences in structural
size. Ardea, 83 (1): 37-46. (Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. Flevoland,
P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad, Netherlands). ---Males
significantly larger in all body dimensions, but no size
difference between adults and juveniles.---
Kortlandt A. 1995. Patterns of
pair-formation and nest-building in the European Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis. Ardea, 83 (1): 11-25. (88 Woodstock Rd.,
Oxford OX2 7ND, UK.)---Sex-specific ontogeny and seasonal
patterns of nesting behavior.---
Lindell L. et al. 1995. Status and
population development of breeding Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis of the central European flyway. Ardea, 83 (1):
81-92. (Sparregatan 13, S--39230 Kalmar, Sweden.)---Increasing
since 1980, with mean annual growth rates from 14% in Poland to
27% in Sweden.---R.G.B.
Marion L. 1995. Where two subspecies meet:
origin, habitat choice and niche segregation of Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo carbo and Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis in the
common wintering area (France), in relation to breeding isolation
in Europe. Ardea, 83 (1): 103-114. (Lab. Evol. Syst. Nat. &
Modifiés, Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Univ. Rennes, U.A. 696, Campus
Beaulieu, Boulevard Gén. Leclerc, F%35042, France.)---P. c.
carbo winters mainly at sea, P. c. sinensis inland.---
Mollet P. & Jenny D. 1995. [Golden
Eagle Aquila chrysaetos catches Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo in
mid-air.] Ornithol. Beob. 92: 173. (German, Engl. summary).
Mughogho D. E. C., & Munthali S. M .
1995. The influence of water depth on foraging location of two
species of kingfisher and two species of cormorant on the Sabie
River within the Kruger National Park. Afr. J. Ecol., 33: 81-83.
Musil P., J. Janda & de Nie H. 1995.
Changes in abundance and selection of foraging habitat in
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in South Bohemia (Czech
Republic). Ardea, 83 (1): 247-253. (Inst. Appl. Ecol., Kostelec
nadernmi lesy, CS 281 63, Czech Republic.)---Increase since
establishment in 1983, foraging in shallow water and catching
fish between 100-200 mm.---
Platteeuw M., K. Koffijberg & Dubbeldam
W . 1995. Growth of Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
chicks in relation to brood size, age ranking and parental
fishing effort. Ardea, 83 (1): 235-245. (Rijkswaterstaat, Dir.
Flevoland, P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad, Netherlands.)
Platteeuw M. & van Eerden M. R. 1995.
Time and energy constraints of fishing behaviour in breeding
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis at lake
IJsselmeer, The Netherlands. Ardea, 83 (1): 223-234.
(Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. Flevoland, P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad,
Netherlands.)---Travelling distance between colony and foraging
site may influence reproductive output.---
Platteeuw M., M. R. van Eerden & van de
Guchte K . 1995. Variation in contaminant content of livers from
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis living nearby a
polluted sedimentation area in lake IJsselmeer, The Netherlands.
Ardea, 83 (1): 315-324. (Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. Flevoland, P.O.
Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad, Netherlands.)---Levels generally lower
in immature birds than in adults, and related to sex and apparent
individual differences in food choice.---
Reymond A. & Zuchuat O. 1995. Perch
fidelity of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo outside the
breeding season. Ardea, 83 (1): 281-284. (Swiss Inst. Exp. Cancer
Res., CH--1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.)---Perch fidelity
increases with age of Cormorant, and is not correlated with
duration of stay.---
Reymond A. & Zuchuat O. 1995. Axial
migration routes in Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo passing
through or wintering in Switzerland. Ardea, 83 (1): 275-280.
(Swiss Inst. Exp. Cancer Res., CH--1066 Epalinges, Switzerland).
---Based on sightings of color rings, Danish (and Dutch) birds
predominate in winter.--
Richner H. 1995. Wintering Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo carbo in the Ythan estuary, Scotland: numerical and
behavioural responses to fluctuating prey availability. Ardea, 83
(1): 193-197. (Culterty Field Stn., Dept. Zool., Univ. Aberdeen,
Scotland.)
Schmid D., D. Grémillet & Culik B.
1995. Energetics of underwater swimming in the Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis). Mar. Biol., 123: 875-881.
Sellers R. M. 1995. Wing-spread behaviour
of the Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo. Ardea, 83 (1):
27-36. (Rose Cottage, Ragnall Ln., Walkley Wood, Nailsworth,
Glos. GL6 0RU, UK.)---Dries the wings and ultimately conserves
metabolic energy.---
Suter W. 1995. Are Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo wintering in Switzerland approaching carrying capacity?
An analysis of increase patterns and habitat choice. Ardea, 83
(1): 255-266. (Schweizerische Vogelwarte, CH--6204 Sempach,
Switzerland.)---Probably, as Cormorant density is linked with
those of cyprinids and percids, which decrease as result of
reduction in input rate of nutrients into lakes.---
Suter W. 1995. The effect of predation by
wintering Cormorants Phlacrocorax carbo on Grayling Thymallus
thymallus and Trout (Salmonidae) populations - Two case studies
from Swiss rivers. Journal Applied Ecology, 32(1): 29-46.
Trauttmansdorff J., & Wassermann G..
1995. Number of pellets produced by immature Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis. Ardea, 83 (1): 133-134. (Inst. Angewandte
Öko-Ethol., Abt. Donau, A--2000, Stockerau, Austria.)---Juvenile
Cormorants start pellet production at age of 2 months.---
van den Berg M.,et al. 1995. The (possible)
impact of chlorinated dioxins (pcdds), dibenzofurans (pcdfs) and
biphenyls (pcbs) on the reproduction of the Cormorant Phalacrocorax
carbo---an ecotoxicological approach. Ardea 83, (1): 299-313.
(Res. Inst. Toxicol., Univ. Utrecht, P.O. Box 80176, 3508 TD
Utrecht, Netherlands.)
van Dobben, W. H. 1995. The food of the
Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis: old and new
research. Ardea, 83 (1): 139-142.
van Eerden M. R., K. Koffijberg &
Platteeuw M. 1995. Riding the crest of the wave: possibilities
and limitations for a thriving population of migratory Cormorants
Phalacrocorax carbo in man-dominated wetlands. Ardea, 83
(1): 1-9. (Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. Flevoland, P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP
Lelystad, Netherlands.)---Overview of recovery of Cormorants in
Europe after taking protective measures, and apparent conflicts
with human interests.---
van Eerden M. R. & Munsterman M. J.
1995. Sex and age dependent distribution in wintering Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis in western Europe. Ardea, 83 (1): 285-297.
(Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. Flevoland, P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad,
Netherlands). ---Unequal sex ratio may reflect different
mortality rates in relation to cost of migration, being highest
in females and juveniles.---
van Eerden M. R. & Voslamber B. 1995.
Mass fishing by Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis al
lake IJsselmeer, The Netherlands: a recent and successful
adaptation to a turbid environment. Ardea, 83 (1): 199-212.
(Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. Flevoland, P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad,
Netherlands.)---Mass fishing enables birds to exploit turbid
water and extend foraging range.---
Veldkamp R. 1995. Diet of Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo sinensis at Wanneperveen, The Netherlands, with special
reference to Bream Abramis brama. Ardea, 83 (1): 143-155.
(De Rikking 46, 8332 CG Steenwijk, Netherlands.)---Consume 5--16%
of standing stock of Abramis brama in lakes near colony,
mainly individuals >200 mm.---
Veldkamp R. 1995. The use of chewing pads
for estimating the consumption of cyprinids by Cormorants Phalacrocorax
carbo. Ardea, 83 (1): 135-138. (De Rikking, 8332 CG
Steenwijk, Netherlands.)
Voslamber B., M. Platteeuw & van Eerden
M. R . 1995. Solitary foraging in sand pits by breeding
Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis: does specialised
knowledge about fishing sites and fish behaviour pay off? Ardea,
83 (1): 213-222. (Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. Flevoland, P.O. Box 600,
8200 AP Lelystad, Netherlands.)---Only "higher quality"
birds can profitably use solitary fishing in early spring.---
Warke G. M. A. & Day K. R . 1995.
Changes in abundance of cyprinid and percid prey affect rate of
predation by Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo carbo on
Salmon Salmo salar smolt in northern Ireland. Ardea, 83
(1): 157-166. (Dept. Biol. Biomed. Sci., Univ. Ulster, Coleraine,
Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.)---Year-round
fishing may have significant impact on older salmon
parr.---R.G.B.
Wilson R. P. & Grémillet D. 1995.
Energetics and behaviour of diving birds in cold water:
cormorants in wet suits versus penguins in dry suits. Physiol.
Zool., 68: 104.
Wilson R. P., Pütz K., Grémillet D.,
Culik B. M., Kierspel M., Regel J., Bost C. A., Lage J. &
Cooper J. 1995. Reliability of stomach temperature changes in
determining feeding characteristics of seabirds. J. Exp. Biol.
198: 1115-1135.
Wilson R. P. & Wilson M. P . 1995.
Buoyancy and depth utilisation in foraging Cormorants: wet
feathers and that sinking feeling. Gerfaut, 85: 41-47. (Inst.
Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105, Germany). ---Phalacrocorax
carbo, Phalacrocorax neglectus, Phalacrocorax
capensis, Phalacrocorax coronatus.---
Yésou P. 1995. Individual migration
strategies in Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo passing
through or wintering in western France. Ardea 83 (1): 267--274.
(Off. Nat. Chasse, 53 Rue Russeil, F--44000 Nantes, France).
---Short-stayers not site-faithful, contrary to long-stayers.---
Zijlstra M. & van Eerden M. R. 1995.
Pellet production and the use of otoliths in determining the diet
of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis trials with
captive birds. Ardea, 83 (1): 123-131. (Rijkswaterstaat, Dir.
Flevoland, P.O. Box 600, 8200 AP Lelystad, Netherlands.)
---Produce single pellet/day, containing undigested remains of
food caught previous day.---
Blanco G., T. Velasco, J. Grijalbo &
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area in Spain. Colonial Waterbirds, 17(2): 173-180.
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Campos F. and J. M. Lekuona 1994. La
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EIFAC. 1994. Effects of cormorant predation
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