| WI - Cormorant Research Group | Scientific Literature - Pygmy cormorant | updated on 28-12-2012 |
Scientific literature on the
Pygmy
Cormorant - Phalacrocorax pygmeus
Before 1960 - 1960/1969 - 1970/1979 - 1980 - 1981 - 1982 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - 1987 - 1988 - 1989 - 1990 - 1991 - 1992 - 1993 - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 - 1997 - 1998 - 1999 - 2000 - 2001 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 2011 - In press / year?
Kazantzidis S. & T. Nazirides (eds.).
(in press). The Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus)
in Greece in the period 1997-1999. World Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF Greece) – Hellenic Ornithological Society –
Society for the Protection of Prespa. Thessaloniki.
Vizi A. & Vizi O. 2010. Changes in the
diet composition of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus on
Skadar lake (Southern Montenegro). Acrocephalus, 31(144): 21-26. [Summary. Diet changes of
Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus, a piscivorous bird
feeding primarily on fish up to was estimated at over 2,000 pairs
in 2005 and 1,260 pairs in 2006, comprising about 5-8% of the
regional 15 cm long, were studied on Skadar Lake. The breeding
population on the lake population of SE Europe specimens hunted
in the course of the breeding season, was carried out in the
period 1973-1975 in order to & Turkey. The first diet
analysis, based on stomach contents of identify the influence of
the birds on commercial fisheryaccidentally dropped food items
during the feeding of nestlings were collected and analyzed in
the 2006 breeding . Further samples of regurgitated or
seasoncourse of over 30 years are discussed. Between 1973-1975
and 2006, the Pygmy Cormorant’s diet on Skadar . Results
from both periods are presented and changes in diet composition
in the Lake changed drasticallybe common to both study periods.
Pygmy Cormorant’s diet in the period 1973-1975 consisted of
11 fish . Only one fish species, Rudd Scardinius knezevici,
was found to species Roach Rutilus ohridanus and Albanian
Roach Pachychilon pictum. Diet analysis in 2006 revealed
only six (N = 224 specimens), belonging to five families. The
most abundant fish species were species Carassius auratus became
a major food source for Pygmy Cormorant, constituting 84.7% of
the total (N = 98 specimens) from two families, and also showed
that the introduced Goldfish specimen numbercomprised 89.0% of
the total Goldfish compound. The study confirms that the Pygmy
Cormorant is not . Age class analysis of Goldfish items revealed
that juvenile specimens (45-90 mm) a speciescommunity in the
littoral zone of the lake. Fish consumption by Pygmy Cormorants
on Skadar Lake in 2006 was -specific hunter and suggests it is
not affected by the changes in composition of fish estimated at
45 t during the most intensive foraging period
(June–August). ]
Nemeth E. 2007. Die Zwergscharbe,
Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Pallas) 1773 – ein neuer Brutvogel
für Österreich. Egretta 49: 2-5. [The Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) –
a new breeding bird in Austria. Abstract. In
2007 Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) bred for the first
time in Austria. Fourteen nests were located in the reedbeds of
Lake Neusiedl in a large heronry dominated by Great White Egret
(Ardea alba), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) and Spoonbill (Platalea
leucorodia). At least eight nests were successful and up to five
chicks per nest were found. Observations during the nestling
period showed that adult individuals foraged mainly in the open
water areas of the reed belt of Lake Neusiedl.]
Nemtzov S.C. 2005. Relocation of pygmy
cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus using scare tactics to reduce
conflict with fish farmers in the Bet She'an Valley, Israel.
Conservation Evidence, 2: 3-5. [Abstract. To help resolve the
conflict between pygmy cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus and fish
farmers, the birds were scared away from Bet She’an Valley
before the breeding season started. The cormorants have
subsequently relocated to other, safer breeding sites.]
Szinai, P. 2005. The present status of
Pygmy cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Hungary.
Cormorant Research Group Bulletin, 6:
Voskamp P., Volponi S. & van Rijn S.
2005. Global population development of the Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax
pygmeus. Overview of available data and proposal to set up a
network of national specialists. Cormorant Study Group Bulletin,
6:
Kúdela M. & Lengyel J. Occurrence of the Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
pygmeus) in the Danubian Plain (South-West Slovakia). Acta Zoologica Universitatis Comenianae,
46 (1): 45-50. [Abstract.
The pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus (Pallas, 1773))
established a hibernation place on the Slovak section of the
Danube River, which is the only known in Slovakia. The first
observation of the pygmy cormorant on this locality was in
December 1994. The species occurs here from the late October to
the end of April. The number of the hibernating birds is not
known, but has increased since 1994 and between 2000 and 2002
flocks of more than 60 individuals were observed. The greatest
recorded number was 88 individuals. The whole hibernation place
is a 28 km long section of the Danube River (partially influenced
by a dam) and the adjacent floodplain and formerly floodplain
area. The species was recorded four times in the Danubian Plain
in SW Slovakia outside the hibernation place: in April 2001,
January, August and October 2002. These are the only known data
on the species from this area besides the historical occurrence
in 1931. Two of the localities where the species was recorded are
oxbows; the third is the branch system of the Danube River; the
fourth is a single side branch of the Danube River.]
Simic D.V. & Tucakov M. 2004. Numbers and local movements of Pygmy
Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus wintering in Belgrade. Acrocephalus, 25 (123): 207-212. [Abstract. There is little
recent information on Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus from
Serbia. However, the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers is
known locally as a wintering site of the species. The study area
lies within the city of Belgrade (UTM DQ56), northern Serbia. It
comprises the confluence of the rivers Sava and Danube and the
last 10 kilometers of the Sava river. Point counts were conducted
in 1996, 2001, 2003 and 2004. In both sites in the study area,
Malo Ratno Ostrvo Islet and at the bank of Sava river, birds
roosted in young and relatively low White Willow Salix alba
scrub, up to 6 or 7 metres high, typical of communities of early
stages of succession of alluvial soil bordering rivers or river
islands. The number of individuals wintering in Belgrade probably
fluctuates from year to year, but has obviously increased from
500 birds at the beginning of the 90s, 1080 individuals in
February 1996 to 1200 birds in January 2001. The number of Pygmy
Cormorants observed regularly during winter in our study area
exceeds 1% of the population threshold (400 individuals), and,
together with wintering numbers of other waterbirds, qualifies
the sector from Veliko Ratno Ostrvo to Ada Ciganlija for
nomination as a Ramsar site. Currently, the study area supports
12.5% of the wintering population of Pygmy Cormorants in Serbia
and Montenegro.]
Borgo F., Boschetti E., Panzarin L., Verza
E. & Volponi S. 2003. Il Marangone minore Phalacrocorax
pygmeus nelle aree costiere dell'Adriatico settentrionale.
Avocetta, 124: 133-134.
Nemtzov S.C., 2003. Pygmy Cormorant
Phalacrocorax pygmeus nesting in Israel. Cormorant Research Group
Bulletin, 5: 38-39.
Shmuel M., Arad Z., Katzir G. & Izhaki
I. 2003. Developmental rates and morphometrics of the sympatric
Pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and Great
cormorant (P. carbo sinensis). Israel Journal
of Zoology, 49: 159-173. [Abstract.
We compared growth rates and adult morphological traits
in two sympatric cormorant species,the pygmy cormorant
(Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and the great cormorant (P.carbo sinensis
), in Israel.The smaller P.pygmeus exhibited higher developmental
rates than P. carbo sinensis, as expressed in the growth
rate constant (K) of body mass and of various body parts
(bill,wing, tarsus, primaries,and tibia lengths).The consequences
of the higher developmental rate of P.pygmeus are early fledging
and a relatively low body mass of fledglings. We suggest that
several proximate ecological and developmental factors such as
risk of nest predation,body temperature regulation,and
hydrodynamics act in concert to promote rapid development in
chicks of P.pygmeus. However,the four-fold lower body mass of the
adult P.pygmeus is probably the most important physiological
constraint that might explain its rapid growth rate in comparison
with P .carbo sinensis. The body mass and the size of various
body parts of adult P .carbo sinensis are much higher
than those of adult P.pygmeus .This difference in adult
morphological attributes, together with the marked differences in
growth rates between the two species, should be reflected in
different ecological functions that promote ecological
segregation between them. Therefore,the conservation policies and
future practical solutions of the cormorant-–fisheries
conflict should be species-specific.]
Capelle C. & De Smet G. 2002. Pygmy
Cormorant in Lys valley, Belgium/France, in Dec 2000 - January
2001. Dutch Birding, 24(1):1-6.
Gantlet S. 2001. Pygmy Cormorants in
Europe: Britain next? Birding World 14 (11): 465-474.
Crivelli A.J., Nazirides G., Catsadorakis
G., Hulea D., Malakou M., Marinov M. & Shogolev I. 2000.
Status and population development of Pygmy cormorant Phalacrocorax
pygmeus breeding in the Paleartcic. Proceedings of the 5th
Medmaravis Symposium Gozo, Malta. 49-60.
Nemtzov S.C., Sinai Y., Glasner D., Morgan
J., Bojilov K, Ben-Yosef R., Sharon Y., Kaplan D., Har-Zion M.
& Dolev M . 2000. The
pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) in the Bet
She’an Valley: Challenges for conservation of an endangered
species. Israel Journal of Zoology, 46: 168-169.
Nikolov H.H., Marin S.M. & Darakchiev
A.I. 2000. The Pygmy Cormorant in Bulgaria. Status of the
population. Action plan. Green Balkans Federation of
Nature-Conservation NGOs. 160 Shesti Septemviri Blvd. Plovdiv
4000, Bulgaria.
Hernandez-Carrasquilla F., T. Tyrberg &
von den Driesch A. 1999. A record of Pygmy Cormorant Microcarbo
pygmaeus from medieval Spain. Ardea 87(2): 285-288.
Kazantzidis S. & Nazirides T. (eds.).
1999. National action plan for the Pygmy
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). World Wide Fund For Nature - Wwf Greece,
Hellenic Ornithological Society, Society For The Protection of
Prespa. Thessaloniki
Nathan M. 1999. Behavior and ecophysiology
of the pygmy cormorant. In: Dor M. & Heller J. (eds.).
Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Meeting of the Zoological Society
of Israel (University of Haifa, Oranim, 20 December 1998). Israel
Journal of Zoology, 45(2): 317.
Vink A. & Ebels E. B. Dwergaalscholver
in Oostvaardersplassen.[Pygmy cormorant in Oostvaardersplassen.]
Dutch Birding, 21(3): 187-188.
Magnani A., Panzarin L. & Cherubini G.
1998. Nidificazione di Marangone minore, Phalacrocorax pygmeus,
in Lagune di Venezia. Riv. ital. Orn., 68: 108-110.
Vogrin M. 1998. Do Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax
pygmeus breed in Dalmacia (Croatia)? Cormorant Research
Group Bulletin 3: 28-29.
Willems F. J. & de
Vries E .1998. Ecological aspects of Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax
pygmeus at Prespa, Greece, May-August 1996. WIWO-reports published,
Publication number 60. Stichting WIWO. [Ref. 1998-2]
Volponi S. & Emiliani D. 1997. The Pygmy Cormorants Phalacrocorax pygmeus as
a breeding species in Italy.
Suppl. Ric. Biol. Selvaggina, XXVI: 563-567.
Laurenti, S., & T. Taglioni. 1996.
Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, at Ripasottile
Lake, Rieti [Italy]. Uccelli d’Italia, 21(1): 86.
Marinov M. & Hulea D. 1996. [Dynamics
of mixed colonies of cormorants and herons from the Danube Delta
between 1959-1995]. Analele Stiintifice ale Institutului Delta
Dunarii Tulcea 5: 211-226. (in Romanian).
Nazirides T. & Papageorgiou N. 1996.
The breeding biology of the Pygmy Cormorants (Phalacrocorax
pygmeus), a vulnerable bird species, at lake Kerkini, Northern
Greece. Colonial Waterbirds, 19(Special publication 1): 219-223.
Vangeluwe D., Beudels M.-O- & Lamani F.
1996. Conservation status of Albanian coastal wetlands and their
waterbird populations (Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes).
Colonial Waterbirds, 19 (Special Publication 1): 81-90.
Volponi S. 1996. Bill deformity in a Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
pygmeus) chick.
Colonial Waterbirds, 19:147-148. [download .pdf - 157 KB]
Volponi S. & Emiliani D. 1995. The Pygmy Cormorant breeds again in Italy. Riv. ital. Orn., 65:87-89.
Volponi S. & Emiliani D. 1995. Nuova
nidificazione di Marangone minore Phalacrocorax pygmaeus
in Italia. Avocetta, 19: 46.
Danko S. 1994. Occurence and nesting of
Pigmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) in the Slovak Republic
and in neighbouring countries. Aquila, 101: 53-64.
Nardo A. 1994. Presunta nidificazione di
Marangone minore, Phalacrocorax pigmaeus, nel Veneto -
Riv. ital. Orn., 64: 84-85.
Handrinos G. 1993. Midwinter numbers and
distribution of Great cormorants and Pygmy cormorants in Greece.
In: Aguilar J.S. X. Montbailliu & Pterson A. M. (eds.),
Status and conservation od seabirds. SEO & Medmaravis,
Madrid, pp. 147-159.
Brichetti P. 1992. Marangone minore Phalacrocorax
pygmeus. - In: P. Brichetti, P. De Franceschi & N.
Baccetti (eds.), Fauna d'Italia. XXIX. Aves I. Edizioni
Calderini, Bologna, pp. 120-124.
Buzun V. A. & Grinchenko A. B. 1991.
[About nesting bird of the Oysul lagoon: Phalacrocorax
pygmeus, Casarca ferruginea and Tadorna tadorna
in the Crimea.] In: Koshelev A. I. & Chernichko (eds.), Rare
birds of the Black sea coastal area. Lybid, Kiev, pp. 182-193.
(In Russian).
Kunichenko A.A. 1991. [Distribution and
number of the Pygmy Cormornat in Moldova]. Proc. Of the 10th
All-Union Orn. Conf. (Minsk, Navuka I tekhnika) 2: 3-4 (in
Russian).
Straka U. 1990. Beobachtungen an
uberwinternden Zwergscharben (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus Pallas
1773) an der niederosterreichischen Donau im Winter 1989/90.
[Observations on wintering Pygmy cormorants (Phalacrocorax
pygmaeus pallas 1773) at the Danube in lower Austria in the
winter 1989/90]. (In German with English summary). Egretta, 33
(2): 77-85.
Lamani F. 1989. Donnés sur la distribution
et la zoogéographie des pelecaniformes et des Ciconiiformes en
Albanie. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 13: 111-118
Nankinov D. 1989. Fruherer und jetziger
Stand der Bestandsentwicklung der Zwergscharbe (Phalacrocorax
pygmaeus) in Bulgarien (Aves, Pelecaniformes:
Phalacrocoracidae). [Previous and actual situation of development
of populations stock of the Pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax
pygmaeus) in Bulgaria (Aves, Pelecaniformes:
Phalacrocoracidae)]. Faun. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden., 17(8):
79-84.
Jerrentrup H., M. Gaetlich, H. A. Joensen,
H. Nohr & Brogger-Jensen S . 1988. Urgent action plan to
safeguard three endangered species in Greece and E.C.: Pygmy
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus), Great White Egret (Egretta
alba) and White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).
Ornis Consult-Natural History Museum Arhus-Hellenic
Ornithological Society. Rep. to the CEC (DG XI). 162 pp.
Dittberner H. 1987. [Behavior of the Pygmy cormorant and the Shag (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus and P. aristotelis)]. Beitraege zur Vogelkunde, 33(5/6): 297-300. (In German).
Benussi E. 1986. Observations on the
presence of Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus) in Italy.
Pp.29-31. In: Almo Farina (ed.). Proceedings First International
Conference on birds wintering in the Mediterranean region.
(Aulla, Italy, 1984). Supplemento Ricerche Biologia Selvaggina,
10: 29-31.
Brichetti P. 1983. Distribuzione geografica
degli uccelli nidificanti in Italia, Corsica e Isole Maltesi -
Natura Bresciana, 19: 97-157.
Straka U. 1990. [Observations on wintering
pygmy cormorants at the Danube in lower Austria in the winter of
1989-90.] Egretta, 33:77-85. (German, English summary).
Cowles S. G. 1981. The first evidence of
Demoiselle Crane Antropoides virgo and Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax
pygmeus in Britain. Bull. British Ornithologists' Club.,
101: 383-386.
Fasola M. & Barbieri F. 1981. Prima
nidificazione di Marangone minore Phalacrocorax pigmaeus
in Italia - Avocetta, 5: 155-156.
Šot i J., Vizi O., Krsmanovic Lj.
1981. Težina i mjere malog kormorana, Phalacrocorax
pygmaeus (Pallas), 1773, sa Skadarskog jezera. - Glasn.
Republ. zavoda zašt. prirode - Prirodnjackog muzeja, 14:
65-70, Titograd.
Mikuska J. & Gojko P. 1980. VRANAC
KALOSER, PHALACROCORAX PYGMAEUS (PALL., 1773), U SPECIJALNOM
ZOOLOSKOM REZERVATU "KOPACKI RIT". [PYGMY CORMORANT,
PHALACROCORAX PYGMAEUS (PALL., 1773) ON THE SPECIAL ZOO
RESERVATION "KOPACKI RIT".] Larus, 31-32: 351-356. (In
Serbo-Croatian with English summary).
Bod P. &László Z. 1979. KIS
KAROKATONA PHALACROCORAX PYGMAEUS A BEFAGYOTT CSAJ-TA-VON. [PYGMY
CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX PYGMAEUS OVER THE FROZEN LAKE CSAJ.]
Tiscia, Suppl. 2. :17-20. (In Hungarian with English summary).
Bondarev D. V. 1975. [On
the nesting of the Pygmy cormorant]. Uchenye Zap Permsk Gos
Pedagog. Inst., pp. 89-92. (In Russian).
Lebret T. 1978.
WAARNEMINGEN VAN DE DWERGAALSCHOLVER /PHALACROCORAX PYGMEUS IN DE
DONAU-DELTA IN DECEMBER. [OBSERVATIONS OF THE PYGMY CORMORANT
PHALACROCORAX PYGMEUS IN THE DANUBE DELTA IN DECEMBER.] Limosa,
51(3-4): 165-166. (In Dutch with English summary).
Lebret T. 1978. [Observations
of the Pygmy cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in the
Danube Delta in December]. Limosa, 51(3-4): 165-166.
Mikuska J. & Majic J.
1971-1972 [1974]. [THE PYGMY CORMORANT Phalacrocorax
pygmeus BREEDING
IN KOPACSER LAKE.] Aquila, 78-79: 181-183. (In Hungarian with
German summary).
Heim de Balsac H. & Mayaud N. 1962. Les
oiseaux du nord-ouest de l'Afrique. Paris
Sapetin Ya. V. 1968. [Notes on banding of the
White pelican and Pygmy cormorant in the Tereka Delta]. Migratsii Zhivotnykh, 5:
113-115. [In Russian.]
Dementiev G. P. &
Gladkov N. A. (eds.). 1951. [Birds of the Soviet Union]. Vol. 1.
Sovetskya nauda, Moskow. (In Russian. Translated in 1966 by the
Israel Program for Scietific Translations, Jerusalem).