| WI - Cormorant Research Group | Scientific Literature - Double-crested cormorant | updated on 13-08-2010 |
Scientific literature on the
Double-crested
Cormorant - Phalacrocorax auritus
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2010
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2007
Enstipp M.R., Grémillet D. & Jones D.R.
2007. Investigating the functional link between prey abundance
and seabird predatory performance. MEPS, 331: 267-279. [Abstract. Investigating
the relationships that link marine top predators and their prey
is crucial for an understanding of the mechanisms that operate
within marine food chains. Many seabird species capture their
prey underwater, where direct and continuous observation is
difficult. However, in a captive setting, predator–prey
interactions can be studied under controlled conditions and in
great detail. Using an underwater video-array, we investigated
the prey–capture behaviour of a foot-propelled pursuit
diver, the double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus,
targeting juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. We tested
the effects of prey density, prey size, light conditions and prey
behaviour (schooling vs. solitary trout) on the foraging
performance of 9 cormorants. As predicted, prey density exerted
the strongest influence on cormorant foraging success. While we
found an apparently linear relationship between prey density and
prey capture rate, a density below the threshold of about 2 g m
resulted in disproportionately lower catch per unit effort (CPUE)
values. If such a threshold density exists in a natural setting,
it could have important implications for birds confronted with a
decline in food abundance, when density levels will be reduced.
We also demonstrate the marked impact of fish behaviour on the
predatory performance of cormorants. Capture success of
cormorants was significantly lower and pursuit duration
significantly higher when birds attacked schooling rather than
solitary trout. By contrast, prey size and light conditions did
not have a measurable effect on cormorant prey–capture
performance. Our study is an experimental investigation into the
prey–capture performance of an avian pursuit diver within a
captive setting. We provide input values that should be
incorporated into ecological models, which might help to
understand predator requirements in a changing environment.]
Lyons DE, DD Roby, and K Collis. 2007. Foraging patterns of Caspian terns and
double-crested cormorants in the Columbia River estuary. Northwest Science 81:91-103.
2006
2005
Anderson CD., DD Roby, and K Collis. 2004.
Conservation implications of the large
colony of double-crested cormorants on East Sand Island, Columbia
River estuary, Oregon, USA.
Waterbirds 27:155-160.
Anderson CD, DD Roby & K Collis. 2004.
Foraging patterns of male and female double-crested
cormorants nesting in the Columbia River estuary. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82:541-554.
Dorr B., King D.T., Tobin M.E., Harrel J.B.
& Smith P.L. 2004. Double-crested cormorant movements in
relation to aquaculture in Eastern Mississippi and Western
Alabama. Waterbirds 27(2):
147-154. [Abstract.
Concomitant with increasing numbers of the Double-crested
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), catfish producers in eastern
Mississippi and western Alabama have reported damage caused by
cormorant predation. VHF telemetry was used to document movements
of 25 cormorants from all known night roosts in the aquaculture
producing areas of eastern Mississippi and western Alabama,
January-April 1998. A total of 193 day locations and 396 night
roost locations of the cormorants were obtained. Each cormorant
was found in the study area for 57 (+/-4) (SE) days. Each
cormorant averaged three night roosts (range: 1-8) and spent 20
(+/-2) days at each night roost site. Over 95% of cormorant day
locations were within 19 km of their night roosts. Catfish pond
use by cormorants varied between roost sites. Cormorants from
five of eleven night roosts had 30% of subsequent daytime
locations on catfish ponds and birds from five of the six
remaining night roosts did not visit catfish ponds on the
following day. Foraging distance and frequency of night roost
interchange was less for birds in this study than those reported
from other aquaculture regions. We suggest roost harassment
efforts should be focused on specific roost sites and some roost
sites should serve as unharrassed refugia from which cormorants
are less likely to cause damage to aquaculture.]
Hilscherova K., Blankenship A., Kannan K.,
Nie M., Williams L.L., Coady K., Upham B.L., Trosko J.E., Bursian
S. & Giesy J.P. 2003. Oxidative stress in laboratory-incubated
double-crested cormorant eggs collected from the Great Lakes.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol., 45(4): 533-46. [Abstract. Double-crested
cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs were collected in 1998
from three sites on Lakes Huron and Superior and either analyzed
for 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-like residues
or artifically incubated. Some of the incubated eggs were
injected with vitamin E (antioxidant) or piperonyl butoxide (CYPIA
blocker) to examine the role of CYPIA and oxidative stress in
normal bird development. Embryos (day 23) were analyzed for
hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity and
different measures of oxidative stress. Glutathione-related
parameters were also measured in brain. In contrast to the
historical data, there were no statistically significant
differences in concentrations of chlorinated dioxins, furans,
dioxin-like PCBs, or total TCDD-equivalents (TEQs) in eggs among
sites. Survival and incidence of abnormalities were comparable at
all study sites. Slight differences in liver, heart, and egg
weight were observed among sites. A greater incidence of eye
deformities was observed in embryos treated with vitamin E.
Treatment with the CYPIA blocker, piperonyl butoxide, decreased
the body weights of embryos. EROD activities were similar at all
locations, but measures of oxidative stress varied among
locations. There were greater levels of oxidized glutathione and
oxidative DNA damage at Little Charity Island in Saginaw Bay.
There was relatively great interindividual variation in
biochemical responses and significant interrelation of the
parameters of oxidative stress. While exposure to PCDD/DF and
PCBs does not seem to explain the observed oxidative stress, the
potential of these compounds to cause the observed effects can
not be completely excluded.]
Weingartl H. M., Riva J. & Kumthekar
P. 2003. Molecular Characterization of Avian
Paramyxovirus 1 Isolates Collected from Cormorants in Canada from
1995 to 2000. J. Clin.
Microbiology, 41: 1280-1284. [Abstract.
Sequences encompassing cleavage sites of fusion protein
genes were obtained for avian paramyxovirus 1 isolates from
cormorants in Canada. All isolates have the virulent cleavage
site SRGRRQKR*FVG. They form a distinct cluster within isolates
obtained around the world and may represent a novel genotype
closely related to genotype V.]
COLLIS K., ROBY D. D. , CRAIG D. P.,
ADAMANY S., ADKINS J. Y. & LYONS D. E. 2002. Colony size and
diet composition of piscivorous waterbirds on the lower Columbia
river: Implications for losses of juvenile salmonids to avian
predation. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 131(3): 537-550.
[Abstract. We
investigated colony size and diet composition of piscivorous
waterbirds (gulls, terns, and cormorants) nesting on the lower
Columbia River from the mouth (river km 0) to the head of McNary
Pool (river km 553) in 1997 and 1998. The study was prompted by
concern that avian predation might constitute a significant
source of mortality to juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp.
during out-migration. The diet of California gulls Larus
californicus and ring-billed gulls L. delawarensis nesting in
colonies above The Dalles Dam (river km 308) included few fish
and very few juvenile salmonids. The sole exception was a small
colony of California gulls in which salmonids accounted for 15% (by
mass) of the diet. Juvenile salmonids were, however, an important
component of the diet of colonial waterbirds nesting in the
Columbia River estuary. On Rice Island (river km 34), salmonids
accounted for 74% (by mass) of the diet of Caspian terns Sterna
caspia, 46% for double-crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus,
and 11% for glaucous-winged-western gulls L. glaucescens × L.
occidentalis. Juvenile salmonids were especially prevalent in the
diets of colonial waterbirds on Rice Island during April and May.
By comparison, juvenile salmonids were significantly less
prevalent in the diet of cormorants and gulls nesting lower in
the estuary on East Sand Island (river km 8), presumably due to
the greater availability of marine forage fishes. Our results
indicate that avian predation on juvenile salmonids in the lower
Columbia River is more prevalent in the estuary than near the
large upriver gull colonies. Furthermore, the high incidence of
salmonids in the diets of Caspian terns, cormorants, and gulls
nesting on Rice Island suggests that the impact of avian
predation on survival of smolts may be reduced by discouraging
piscivorous birds from nesting there, while encouraging nesting
on East Sand Island and other sites nearer to marine foraging
areas.]
Clavijo A. Robinson Y. & Lopez J.
Isolation of Newcastle disease virus and Salmonella typhimurium
from the brain of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus). AVIAN DISEASES, 45(1): 245-250.
Custer T.W., Custer C.M., Hines R.K.,
Stromborg K.L., Allen P.D., Melancon M.J. & Henshel D.S. 2001.
Organochlorine
Contaminants and Biomarker Response in Double-Crested Cormorants
Nesting in Green Bay and Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, USA. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40: 89-100.
[ref. 2001-4]
Custer, T. W., C. M. Custer, R. K. Hines,
S. Gutreuter, K. L. Stromborg, P. D. Allen, and M. J. Melancon.
2001. Do polychlorinated biphenyls contribute to reproductive
effects in fish-eating birds? Authors' reply to a Letter to the
Editor. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.. 20(6): 1149-1151.
Farquhar J.F. III. 2001. Balancing act:
managing cormorants in upstate New York. New York State Conservationist, 56(1): 26-28.
Glahn J.F., Ellis G., Fioranelli P. &
Dorr B.S. 2001. Evaluation of moderate and low-powered
lasers for dispersing Double-crested Cormorants from their night
roosts. In: Brittingham M.C.,
Kays J. e R. McPeake (eds.). Proceedings of the Ninth Wildlife
Damage Management Conference (Pennsylvania State University, 5-8
ottobre 2000): 34-45.
Huner J. V.
& Jeske C. 2001. Observations on the occurrence and food
habits of Double-crested cormorants and Neotropic cormorants in
south Louisiana crawfish ponds: The journal of Louisiana
ornithology, 5(1): 22-30.
Jensen A. L.
2001. Modelling the effect of cormorant predation on stocked
walleye, Ecological Modelling, 145(2-3): 123-127. [Abstract. A simple model
was developed for evaluation of the effects of double-crested
cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) predation on stocked
walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in the Great Lakes. The
model was applied to obtain general relations for stocking and
for cormorant predation. If there is no stocking, maintenance of
a sizable walleye population is necessary for reproduction, but
when the walleye population is maintained by stocking, yield can
be increased by fishing the population below the level which
produces the maximum sustainable yield without stocking, and the
loss in reproduction is made up by stocking. If there is no
predation on the stocked walleye, stocking can greatly increase
yield. If there is cormorant predation, in the long run the
number of cormorants increases with stocking but the number of
walleye does not, and stocked walleye are feeding the cormorants.]
Kannan K., Hilscherova K. Imagawa T.,
Yamashita N., et al. 2001. Polychlorinated naphthalenes, -biphenyls,
-dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -dibenzofurans in double-crested
cormorants and herring gulls from Michigan waters of the Great
Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology, 35(3), 441-447. [Concentrations of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs),
naphthalenes (PCNs), and biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in eggs
of double-crested cormorants and herring gulls collected from
Michigan waters of the Great Lakes. Concentrations of PCNs in
eggs of double-crested cormorants and herring gulls were in the
ranges of 380-2400 and 83-1300 pg/g, wet wt, respectively.]
Kuiken T. 2001. Watering of Double-crested
cormorant chicks. Blue Jay, 59(2): 73-77.
Skagen S.K., Melcher C.P. & Muths E.
2001. The
interplay of habitat change, human disturbance and species
interactions in a waterbird colony. American Midland Naturalist, 145(1): 18-28. [ref.
2001-1]
Surai P. F., Bortolotti G. R., Fidgett A.
L., Blount J. D. & Speake B. K. 2001. Effects of piscivory on the fatty acid
profiles and antioxidants of avian yolk: studies on eggs of the
gannet, skua, pelican and cormorant. Journal of Zoology, 255: 305-312. --- Piscivorous birds consume diets which are
rich in highly-polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids; these play vital
roles in embryonic development but are very susceptible to
oxidative damage. The effects of such diets on the fatty acid
composition and antioxidant content of the yolk were investigated
in the northern gannet Morus bassanus, the great skua Catharacta
skua, the American white pelican Pelecanus
erythrorhynchos and the double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax
auritus. The phospholipid fraction of the eggs of these four
species contained high proportions of the n-3 fatty acid,
docosahexaenoic acid, which formed 7.5–11.3% (w/w) of the
fatty acids of this fraction. The presence of eicosapentaenoic
and docosapentaenoic acids also contributed to the total n-3
content of the phospholipid. The n-6 polyunsaturate, arachidonic
acid, formed between 8% and 19% (w/w) of the phospholipid fatty
acids. For the pelican and cormorant, this is consistent with the
consumption of freshwater fishes in which arachidonic acid may be
a significant acyl constituent. This finding is, however, more
difficult to explain for the gannet and skua which largely
consume marine fish with a low arachidonic acid content. The
yolks of all four species contained relatively high
concentrations of vitamin E (90.2–302.3 [mu]g g[minus
sign]1 wet yolk) which was mainly present as [alpha]-tocopherol.
The eggs of the pelican and cormorant were especially enriched in
carotenoids (150.9 and 115.7 [mu]g g[minus sign]1 wet
yolk, respectively). ---
de Voogt P., Dirksen S., Boudewijn T.J.,
Bosveld A.T.C. & Murk A.J. 2001. Do polychlorinated biphenyls
contribute to reproductive effects in fish-eating birds? Letter
to the Editor. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20(6) :1149.
Wires L.R., F.J. Cuthbert, D.R. Trexel
& Joshi A.R . 2001. Status of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
auritus) in North America. Final Report to USFWS. [ref. 2001-2]
Bédard J., Nadeau A. & Lepage M.
2000. Double-Crested Cormorant Culling in the St.
Lawrence River Estuary: Results of a 5-Year Program. Technical Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract. Modeling
indicated that lowering the double-crested cormorant population
from 17,361 to 10,000 pairs could be attained only by a
combination of techniques: culling breeding birds in arboreal
colonies to lower breeding stock and egg spraying in accessible
ground nests to lower recruitment. The 5-year program was
launched in 1989; culling was halted 4 years later because the
population had fallen below the threshold of 10,000 breeding
pairs. A greater vulnerability of males to shooting (203:100)
probably accounted for the faster-than-predicted drop in numbers.
Egg spraying spanned the entire 5-year period, during which 25,095
nests were treated with inert mineral oil. As predicted by the
model, spraying lowered recruitment, but only after a 2-year lag.
Culling should be considered a last-resort form of intervention
whenever softer techniques (egg spraying, mechanical nest
destruction, and carefully planned disturbances to the nesting
colonies to enhance predation and abandonment) are not sufficient
or practical to produce population control. Population control
should be based upon careful planning (included detailed
censuses, population modeling, and prior communication with the
public) and be conducted under close scientific supervision.]
Belant J.L., L.A. Tyson &
Mastrangelo P.A. 2000. Effects of lethal
control at aquaculture facilities on populations of piscivorous
birds. Wildlife
Society Bulletin, 28(2): 379 - 384. [Ref. 2000-4]
Belyea G. Y., Maruca S. L., Diana J. S.,
Schneeberger P. J., Scott S. J., Clark Jr. R. D., Ludwig J. P.
& Summer C. L. 2000. Impact of Double-Crested Cormorant
Predation on the Yellow Perch Population in the Les Cheneaux
Islands of Michigan.
Technical Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract. The Michigan Department
of Natural Resources, in conjunction with the University of
Michigan and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, initiated a
research study to determine the impact of double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus on the yellow perch (Perca
flavescens population in the Les Cheneaux Islands area of
northern Lake Huron. Aerial and nesting colony counts were
conducted to monitor cormorant abundance. We collected 373
cormorants to study food habits via stomach-content analysis. We
found that (1) cormorants fed heavily on yellow perch in early
spring, but over the entire season only 10 percent of their diet
was perch; (2) alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) and
sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans, Pungitius pungitius,
Gasterosteus aculeatus) made up the major portion of the
cormorants' diet; (3) cormorants removed only 2.3 percent of the
available perch biomass (v. 1.8 percent by anglers over the same
period); (4) most fish taken by cormorants were less than 150 mm
long; (5) total annual perch mortality was about 45 percent, of
which less than 9 percent was due to cormorants; and (6)
cormorants accounted for only 0.8 percent of the mortality of
legal-size perch (> 178 mm), whereas summer sport fishing
accounted for 2.5 percent. Thus, although the impact of
cormorants on the perch population may vary slightly from year to
year, we conclude that cormorant predation has minimal impact on
the local perch population.]
Blackwell B.F., Dolbeer R.A. & Tyson
L.A. 2000. Lethal control of piscivorous birds at aquaculture
facilities in the northeast United States: Effects on populations. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 62(4):
300-307. [ref. 2000-10]
Bur M. T. & Tinnirello S. L. 2000. Diet of Double-Crested Cormorant in Western
Lake Erie.Technical
Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract.
Sport and commercial interest fishing groups are concerned about
potential impacts double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus may have on fish species. Our objectives for this
study were to determine the diet of the cormorant in western Lake
Erie and the diet overlap and competition for resources with
piscivorous fish, such as walleye (Stizostedion vitreum).
The stomach contents of 302 double-crested cormorants collected
in western Lake Erie consisted primarily of young-of-the-year
gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), emerald shiner (Notropis
atherinoides) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens).
In the spring, freshwater drum were the most frequently occurring
food in the stomachs and constituted the greatest portion of the
diet by weight. Young gizzard shad became the most abundant prey
and made up the largest percentage of the diet by weight in the
stomachs from the end of July through October. Emerald shiners
were abundant in the diet during June, September, and October.
The fish species that cormorants ate resembled, by proportion,
the species mix found in trawl catches. The diets of cormorants
and walleyes were similar from July to October with significant
overlap. Results from this study suggest impacts of cormorants at
current population levels in Lake Erie are not detrimental to
sport and commercial fishing. Therefore, control for the purpose
of reducing competition for prey fish with walleye is not
warranted at this time.]
Gilbertson M. 2000. Living with Great
Lakes chemicals: Complementary strategies and cross-paradigm
reconciliation. ECOSYSTEM
HEALTH, 6(1): 24-38. [ref. 2000-11]
Glahn J.F., Ellis G., Fioranelli P. &
Dorr B.S. 2000. Evaluation of moderate and low/powered lasers for
dispersing double/crested cormorants from their night roosts. Pp.
34-45 In: Proc. 9th Wildlife Damage Management Conference,
Brittingham M.C., J. Kays & McPeake R. (eds.).
Glahn J.F., D.S. Reinhold &
Sloan C.A. 2000. Recent population trends
of Double-crested Cormorants wintering in the delta region of
Mississippi: Responses to roost dispersal and removal under a
recent depredation order. Waterbirds, 23(1): 38 - 44. [Ref. 2000-3]
Jarvie S., H. Blokpoel & Chipperfield
T. 2000. A geographic information system to monitor nest
distributions of Double-crested Cormorants and Black-crowned
Night Herons at shared colony sites near Toronto, Canada.
Symposium on Double-crested Cormorants: population status and
management issues in the Midwest. USDA Technical Bulletin, 1879:
121-129.
Matteson S. W., Rasmussen P. W.,
Stromborg K. L., Meier T. I., Van Stappen J. & Nelson E. C.
2000. Changes in the Status, Distribution, and
Management of Double-Crested Cormorants in Wisconsin. Technical Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract. We reviewed and
summarized historical data and conducted population surveys from
1973 through 1997 to determine the breeding status and
distribution of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) in Wisconsin. Breeding cormorants historically
occupied large, isolated lakes and wetlands in northern
Wisconsin, but there were no known nesting sites until 1919, when
cormorants were reported nesting on Lake Wisconsin in south-central
Wisconsin. From the 1920's to the 1950's, cormorants occupied 17
colony sites in 16 counties, though no more than 7 sites were
occupied during any particular year. From the 1950's to the early
1970's, the number of cormorant nests and colony sites plummeted
owing to bioaccumulation of DDT and its metabolites, human
persecution at some colony sites, and habitat loss. The
installation of 1,269 artificial nesting platforms at 13
locations in north-central, northeastern, northwestern, east-central,
and southwestern Wisconsin, coupled with a decline in DDE levels
in breeding birds, as well as protection as a State-endangered
species, led to a marked recovery. Between 1973 and 1997, the
State's breeding population grew at an annual rate of nearly 25
percent, from 66 nests at 3 colony sites to 10,546 nests at 23
colony sites. We estimated population trends for six geographic
regions in the State determined by distinct distribution patterns
of nesting birds. Cormorant populations for five of six regions
increased during 1973 through 1997. Trends differed significantly
among regions, with a greater estimated increase in Great Lakes'
sites (P < 0.01). In 1997, 81 percent of the State's breeding
population occurred on four islands in Green Bay on Lake Michigan.
Increasing Lake Michigan cormorant populations have raised
concerns among sport and commercial fisheries about impacts on
yellow perch (Perca flavescens) although recent studies
indicate that alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus)
predominate in cormorant diets.]
Matthews C. E. 2000. The Cormorant
Controversy. Science Scope, 23(7): 17-
Nisbet I.C.T. 2000. Disturbance,
habituation, and management of waterbird colonies - Commentary. WATERBIRDS, 23(2): 312-332. [rif.
2000-15]
Ross R. M. & Johnson J. H. 1999. Fish Losses to Double-Crested Cormorant
Predation in Eastern Lake Ontario, 1992-1997. Technical Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract. We examined 4,848
regurgitated digestive pellets of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) over a 6-year period (1992-97) to estimate annual
predation on sport and other fishes in the eastern basin of Lake
Ontario. We found more than 51,000 fish of 28 species. Using a
model that incorporates annual colony nest counts; fledgling
production rates; adult, immature, and young-of-year residence
times (seasonal); estimates of mean number of fish per pellet and
mean fish size; and a fecal pathway correction factor (4.0
percent), we estimate total annual number of fish consumed by
cormorants in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario to range from 37
million to 128 million fish for 1993-97. This fish loss equates
to an estimated 0.93 million to 3.21 million kg (mean 2.07
million kg) of fish consumed per year, principally alewife (Alosa
pseudoharengus, 42.3 percent) and yellow perch (Perca
flavescens, 18.4 percent). Forage fish (alewife, cyprinids,
trout-perch {Percopsis omiscomaycus], and other minor
components) accounted for 65 percent of the diet, and panfish
contributed 34 percent of the diet for the 5-year-period.Gme fish
were minor components of the diet, in view of an average
estimated annual consumption of 900,000 smallmouth bass (Micropterus
dolomieui, 1.1 percent) and 168,000 salmonines (mostly lake
trout, Salvelinus namaycush, 0.2 percent). Cormorant
predation on lake trout fingerlings stocked in May 1993 and June
1994 was estimated through the use of coded wire tag recoveries
from pellets collected on Little Galloo Island 1 and 4 days after
stocking events. We estimated losses of 13.6 percent and 8.8
percent. respectively, of the fish stocked for the two events, an
average of 11.2 percent. Such losses may be reduced through
alteration of existing stocking practices. ]
Shieldcastle, M. C. & Martin L. 2000. Colonial Waterbird Nesting on West Sister
Island National Wildlife Refuge and the Arrival of Double-Crested
Cormorants. Technical
Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract.
Recent survey data have shown the importance of West Sister
Island National Wildlife Refuge, Lake Erie, to nesting waders.
About 40 percent of all herons and egrets nesting in the U.S.
Great Lakes are found here, including the Great Lakes' largest
colonies of great blue heron (Ardea herodia), great
egret (Ardea alba), and black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax
nycticorax), and the largest of two snowy egret (Egretta
thula). West Sister Island's importance to Ohio has grown in
recent decades with the loss of smaller mainland colonies of
waders, especially the black-crowned night-heron. The double-crested
cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) returned to Ohio as a
successful nester in 1992 for the first time in more than a
century. The effects of this species on wading bird colonies have
been well documented in Canadian Lake Erie. Cormorants have
successfully competed against great blue herons for nesting space
and eliminated black-crowned night-herons through habitat
destruction Nest estimates made at the island since 1991 indicate
that the night-heron has fallen to 37 percent of its historic
numbers on the island and is dropping dramatically in the region.
That species has been affected negatively as canopy height has
increased with vegetation succession. A second concern is the
cormorant, whose nest counts have increased from 0 to c. 1,5000
in 5 years. This rate of increase mirrors that of East Sister
Island, a few kilometers northeast in Canada. To date,
competition has not been a significant problem, but habitat
degradation has been documented, with major leaf loss noted in
1995 on trees having cormorant nests and along the perimeter of
West Sister Island. The Ohio Division of Wildlife and the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service are concerned, both biologically and
esthetically, about the future status of the island's colonies in
light of habitat succession and the addition of the cormorant.]
Siegel-Causey D. 2000. The Problems of being Successful: Managing
Interactions Between Humans and Double-Crested Cormorants. Symposium on Double-Crested Cormorants,
Technical Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract. The natural history,
behavior, and ecology of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) predispose this species for conflict with human
sport and commercial fisheries. Cormorants breed early in life,
have large broods, are efficient predators even in marginal
conditions, seem to be able to adjust colony sizes quickly in
response to local conditions, and have limited requirements for
feeding and nesting habitats. A survey of the past history of
successes and failures in managing cormorants reveals that
economic impact is greatest with acquaculture and least in sport
fisheries. Research during the past 5 years suggests that some
control methods like culling and egg spraying are effective but
must be balanced against the actual impacts on humans.]
Simmonds Jr. R.L., Zale A.V. & Leslie
Jr., D.M. 2000. Modeled Effects of Double-Crested Cormorant
Predation on Simulated Reservoir Sport and Forage Fish
Populations in Oklahoma. North American Journal of Fisheries
Management, 20(1): 180-
Trapp J. L., Lewis, S.J. & Pence D.M.
2000. Double-crested Cormorant impacts on sport fish: literature
review, agency survey, and strategies. Symposium on Double-crested
Cormorants: population status and management issues in the
Midwest. USDA Technical Bulletin, 1879: 87-96.
Tyson L. A., Belant J. L., Cuthbert F. J.
& Weseloh D. V. 2000. Nesting Populations of Double-Crested
Cormorants in the United States and Canada. Technical Bulletin No. 1879, Dec. 1999. [Abstract. Double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) are receiving
increasing attention in North America because of depredations of
acquaculture facilities and alleged impacts on sport and
commercial fisheries. We obtained recent (most since 1994)
estimates for the number of nesting double-crested cormorants in
the United States and Canada from published references and by
conducting telephone interviews with State and Provincial
biologists. Using published data, we also determined annual rates
of change in the number of cormorants since about 1990. The
estimated minimum number of nesting pairs (colonies) of double.crested
cormorants was 372,000 (852). Most cormorants nested in the
Interior region (68 percent). Overall, double-crested cormorants
increased about 2.6 percent annually during the early 1990's. The
greates decline (-7.9 percent annual change) was in the West
Coast-Alaska region. The greatest increase (6.0-percent annual
change) was for the Interior region. THe increase there was
primarily a consequence of a 22-percent annual increase in
Ontario and U.S. States bordering the Great Lakes. These baseline
population data are essential for monitoring trends in nesting
populations and for developing informed management decisions.
However, the completeness, quality and timing of surveys varied
substantially among jurisdictions. Population estimates and rates
of changes should, therefore, be used with caution. Methods and
timin of future surveys should be coordinated among political
jurisdictions (at least within regions) to improve accuracy of
estimates and allow more meaningful comparisons of population
status.]
Anonymous. 1999. Cormorant nesting
area located in southwest Arkansas. The Catfish Journal 13(11):14.
Bédard J., A. Nadeau & Lepage M.
1999. Double-crested Cormorant culling in the St. Lawrence River
estuary: results of a five-year program. p. 147-154. In M.E.
Tobin [ed.] Symposium on Double-crested Cormorants: population
status and management issues in the Midwest. USDA/APHIS Tech.
Bull. No. 1879.
Belyea G.Y., S.L. Maruca, J.S. Diana, P.J.
Schneeberger, S.J. Scott, R.D. Clark & Ludwig J.P . 1999.
Impact of Double-crested Cormorant predation on the yellow perch
population in Les Cheneaux islands of Michigan. p. 47-59. In
M.E. Tobin [ed.] Symposium on Double-crested Cormorants:
population status and management issues in the Midwest. USDA/APHIS
Tech. Bull. No. 1879.
Bur M.T., S.L. Tinnirello, C.D. Lovell
& Tyson J.T . 1999. Diet of the Double-crested Cormorant in
Western Lake Erie. p. 73-85. In M.E. Tobin [ed.] Symposium
on Double-crested Cormorants: population status and management
issues in the Midwest. USDA/APHIS Tech. Bull. No. 1879.
Caldwell C.A., Arnold M.A. & Gould W.R.
1999. Mercury Distribution in Blood, Tissues, and Feathers of
Double-Crested Cormorant Nestlings from Arid-Lands Reservoirs in
South Central New Mexico. Archives of environmental contamination
and toxicology, 36(4): 456-
Custer T.W., Custer C.M., Hines R.K.,
Gutreuter S., Stromborg K.L., P.D. Allen & Melancon M.J. 1999.
Organochlorine contaminants and reproductive
success of double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin,
USA. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 18(6): 1209-1217. [Ref 1999-7]
Eckert T.H. 1999. Population trends among
yellow perch in the eastern basin of Lake Ontario, 1976-98.
Section 10:1-25 in Final Report: to Assess the Impact of
Double-crested Cormorant Predation on Smallmouth Bass and other
fishes of the Eastern Basin of Lake Ontario. NYSDEC Special
Report (February 1, 1999), NYSDEC and USGS. 141 pp.
Enstipp M.R., Andrews R.D. &
Jones D.R. 2000. Cardiac responses to
first ever submergence in double-crested cormorant chicks (Phalacrocorax
auritus). Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology a Molecular and Integrative
Physiology, 124(4) 1999, pp. 523 - 530 . [Ref. 1999-6]
Glaser L. C., Barker I. K., Weseloh
D. V, C., Ludwig J., Windingstad R. M., Key D. W. & Bollinger
T.K. 1999. The 1992 epizootic of Newcastle disease in double-crested
cormorants in North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35(2):
319-330. [In the summer of
1992, morbidity and mortality in juvenile double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus; DCC) attributable to Newcastle
disease virus (NDV) was observed for the first time in seven
northern USA states and one Canadian province, and recurred in
three western Canadian provinces. Based on clinical signs and
laboratory diagnostic findings, DCC mortality from NDV occurred
in 59 of the 63 nesting colonies and two of three non-colony
sites investigated. An estimate of in excess of 20,000 DCC died,
with mortality rates ranging from < 1 to 37% in Great Lakes
colonies to 20 to 92% in Minnesota (USA) and North and South
Dakota (USA) colonies. Sick juvenile white pelicans (Pelecanus
erythrorhynchos) exhibiting signs similar to sick cormorants, and
dead pelicans were observed in Minnesota and North Dakota.
Mortality rates in pelican colonies were as high as in the
adjacent cormorant colonies, but no cause for the mortality of an
estimated 5,000 pelicans was determined. No evidence of NDV was
found in other species nesting in proximity to affected
cormorants. Although the source of the NDV infection is unknown
in cormorants, the simultaneous onset of the epizootics in
juvenile birds over a wide geographic area implies that the virus
was acquired by adults prior to migration and was carried back to
nest sites, exposing susceptible nestlings. The possible
transmission of this virus from free-ranging wild birds to
domestic poultry is a concern. Based on repeated epizootics in
cormorants since 1990, NDV seems to be established in DCC.]
Hatch J.J. & Weseloh D.V. 1999.
Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). In:
The Birds of North America, No. 44 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The
Birds of North America,
Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Hutchinson J. 1999. Large cormorant
nesting site found in Arkansas. The Aquaculture News 7(9):1-2.
Jarvie S., H. Blokpoel & T.
Chipperfield. 1999. A geographic information system to monitor
nest distributions of Double-crested Cormorants and Black-crowned
Night-herons at shared colony sites near Toronto, Canada. p. 121-129.
in M.E. Tobin [ed.] Symposium on Double-crested Cormorants:
population status and management issues in the Midwest. USDA/APHIS
Tech. Bull. No. 1879.
Johnson J.H., R.M. Ross & Adams C.M.
1999. Diet Composition and Fish Consumption of Double-Crested
Cormorants in Eastern Lake Ontario, 1998. NYSDEC Special Report,
February 1, 1999. [Ref. 1999-11 - download *.pdf]
Kuiken T. 1999. Review
of Newcastle disease in Cormorants. Waterbirds 22(3): 333 - 347. [Ref. 1999-5]
Kuiken T., Fox G.A. & Danesik K.L.
1999. Bill
malformations in double-crested cormorants with low exposure to
organochlorines. ENVIRONMENTAL
TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 18(12): 2908-2913.
Kuiken T., Leighton F.A.,
Wobeser G. & Wagner B. 1999. Causes of morbidity and
mortality and their effect on reproductive successin double-crested
cormorants from Saskatchewan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35(2):
pp. 331
Kuiken T., Wobeser G., Leighton F. A.,
Haines D. M., Chelack B., Bogdan J., Hassard L., Heckert R. A.
& Riva J. 1999. Pathology of Newcastle disease in double-crested
cormorants from Saskatchewan, with comparison of diagnostic
methods. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35(1): pp. 8
Matteson, S.W., P. W. Rasmussen, K. L.
Stromborg, T. I. Meier, J. Van Stappen & E. C. Nelson. 1999. Changes in the
status, distribution, and management of double-crested cormorants
in Wisconsin. Pages 27-45
in, Tobin, M. E., Tech. Coordinator, Symposium on Double-crested
Cormorants: Population Status and Management Issues in the
Midwest. Tech. Bull. 1879, USDA Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, Washington, DC. [ref. 1999-13]
Reinhold D.S. & Sloan C.A. 1999.
Strategies to reduce Double-crested Cormorant depredation at
aquaculture facilities in Mississippi. p. 99-105. in M.E.
Tobin [ed.] Symposium on Double-crested Cormorants: population
status and management issues in the Midwest. USDA/APHIS Tech.
Bull. No. 1879.
Ross R.M. & Johnson J.H. 1999. Effect
of altered salmonid stocking methods on cormorant predation in
eastern Lake Ontario. Sec. 11:1-3 in Final Report: to Assess the
Impact of Double-crested Cormorant Predation on Smallmouth Bass
and other fishes of the Eastern Basin of Lake Ontario. NYSDEC
Special Report (February 1, 1999), NYSDEC and USGS. 141 pp.
Ross R.M. & Johnson J.H. 1999. Fish
losses to Double-crested Cormorant predation in Eastern Lake
Ontario, 1992-97. p. 61-70. in M.E. Tobin [ed.] Symposium
on Double-crested Cormorants: population status and management
issues in the Midwest. USDA/APHIS Tech. Bull. No. 1879.
Schneider C. P., Schiavone A. Jr, Eckert
T. H., McCullough R. D., Lantry B. F, Einhouse D. W., Chrisman J.
R., Adams C. M., Johnson J. H. & Ross R. M. 1999. Double-Crested
Cormorant Predation on Smallmouth Bass and Other Fishes of the
Eastern Basin of Lake Ontario: Overview and Summary. NYSDEC Special Report – February 1,
1999. [Ref. 1999-12]
Shieldcastle M.C. & L. Martin. 1999.
Colonial waterbird nesting on West Sister Island National
Wildlife Refuge and the arrival of Double-crested Cormorants. p.
115-119. in M.E. Tobin [ed.] Symposium on Double-crested
Cormorants: population status and management issues in the
Midwest. USDA/APHIS Tech. Bull. No. 1879.
Trapp J.L., S.J. Lewis & D.M. Pence.
1999. Double-crested
Cormorant impacts on sport fish: literature review, agency
survey, and strategies. p.
87-96. in M.E. Tobin [ed.] Symposium on Double-crested
Cormorants: population status and management issues in the
Midwest. USDA/APHIS Tech. Bull. No. 1879. [Ref. 1998-4]
Tyson L.A., J.L. Belant, F.J. Cuthbert
& D.V. Weseloh. 1999. Nesting populations of Double-crested
Cormorants in the United States and Canada. p.17-25. In M.E.
Tobin [ed.] Symposium on Double-crested Cormorants: population
status and management issues in the Midwest. USDA/APHIS Tech.
Bull. No. 1879.
Wywialowski A.P. 1999. Wildlife-caused
losses for producers of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in
1996. JOURNAL OF THE WORLD
AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, 30(4): 461-472. [Ref. 1999-9]
Adams C. M., Schneider C. P. Johnson J. H.
1998. Predicting the Size and Age of Smallmouth Bass Consumed by
Double-Crested Cormorants in Eastern Lake Ontario, 1993-94.
NYSDEC Special Report, December 15, 1998.
Agler, B. A., et al. 1999. Decline in
marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska
coincident with a climatic regime shift. Waterbirds 22: 98--103.
(PO Box 1063, Westbrook, CT 06498, USA; EM: skuas@yahoo.com). ---From1989-1993,
loons, cormorants, Melanitta perspicillata, Larus
philadelphia, terns, six alcids declined more than 50%, but
non-piscivorous Histrionicus histrionicus, Bucephala
clangula, Bucephala islandica, and Haematopus
bachmani increased 1972 to 1989--1993.---
Cairns, D.K. 1998. Diet of cormorants,
mergansers, and kingfishers in northeastern North America.
Canadian Tech. Rep. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2225.
Cairns D. K., R. L. Dibblee, & Daoust
P.-Y . 1998. Displacement of a large Double-crested Cormorant,
Phalacrocorax auritus, colony following human disturbance. Can.
Field-Nat. 112: 520--522. (Dept. Fish. Oceans, Box 1236,
Charlottetown, PE C1A 7M8, Can.; EM: cairnsd@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca ).
Glahn, J.F., J.B. Harrel and C.
Vyles. 1998. The diet of wintering Double-crested Cormorants
feeding at lakes in the southeastern United States. Colonial
Waterbirds 21(3): 446-452.
Johnson J. H., Ross R. M. &Adams C. M.
1998. Diet Composition and Fish Consumption of Double-Crested
Cormorants in Eastern Lake Ontario, 1998. NYSDEC Special Report,
December 15, 1998.
King D. T. Harrel J.B. & Reinhold D.
1998. Observations of nocturnal foraging in the Double-crested
Cormorant. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 234--235. (USDA, Wildl. Serv.,
PO Box 316, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; dtking@netdoor.com).
Kuiken T., F.A. Leighton, G. Wobeser, K.I.
Danesik, J. Riva & Heckert R. A. 1998. An epidemic of
Newcastle-disease in Double-crested cormorants from Saskatchewan.
Journal Wildlife Diseases, 34(3): 457-471.
Kuiken T., Heckert R.A., Riva J., F.A.
Leighton & Wobeser G. 1998. Excretion of pathogenic Newcastle
disease virus by double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus)
in absence of mortality or clinical signs of disease. Avian
Pathology, 27(6): 541-546. ---
Pathogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) caused several epidemics
of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) in recent years. Eleven 16-week-old cormorants were
infected with, or exposed to, pathogenic NDV from one of these
epidemics and monitored for 70 days. No birds died, four birds
had transient ataxia between 12 and 27 days post-infection (d.p.i.),
and one bird had neuronal necrosis and non-suppurative
encephalitis characteristic for Newcastle disease. The mean
haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titre to NDV peaked at 1:
630, 21 d.p.i., and decreased to 1:56 70 d.p.i. Duration of NDV
excretion from the cloaca was 15 +/- 6.2 d.p.i., with a maximum
of 28 d.p.i. The absence of mortality in these birds may have
been due to age-related resistance. The excretion of NDV by
cormorants in the absence of mortality or clinical signs of
disease suggests that the cormorant population could maintain
pathogenic NDV through serial infection of susceptible birds. The
greatest risk of NDV transmission from cormorants to poultry
probably is during autumn migration, through contact with
infected birds, excreta or contaminated water.
Lantry B. F., Eckert T. H. &
Schneider C. P. 1998. The Relationship Between the Abundance of
Smallmouth Bass and Double-Crested Cormorants in the Eastern
Basin of Lake Ontario. NYSDEC Special Report, December 15, 1998.
Mott D. F., J.F. Glahn, P.L. Smith, D.S.
Reinhold, K.J. Bruce & C.A. Sloan. 1998. An evaluation of
winter roost harassment for dispersing Double-crested Cormorants
away from catfish production areas in Mississippi. Wildl. Soc.
Bull. 26: 584--591. (USDA, Wildl. Serv. Prog., Natl. Wildl. Res.
Ctr., P.O. Drawer 6099, Miss. State, MS 39762-6099, USA). ---Harassment
of Phalacrocorax auritus at night roost sites appeared to reduce
their numbers in catfish ponds located within the disturbance
area.---
Powell D. C., R.J. Aulerich, J. C.
Meadows, M.E. Tillitt De Kelly, K. L. Stromborg, M.J. Melancon, S.D.
Fitzgerald & Bursian S.J. 1998. Effects of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl
and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin injected into the yolks
of Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs
prior to incubation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 2035--2040. (Dept.
Anim. Sci., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.)
Powell D. C. et al. 1998. A photographic
guide to the development of Double-crested Cormorant embryos.
Colonial Waterbirds, 21: 348--355. (Dept. Anim. Sci., Michigan
State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; EM(S.J. Bursian):
bursian@pilot.msu.edu).
Rail J.-F. & Chapdelaine G. 1998.
Food of Double-crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus,
in the Gulf and Estuary of the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada.
Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76(4): 635-643. --- Between 1994 and 1996, a total of 613
Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) regurgitations
were collected at four colonies located in the St. Lawrence
Estuary and one colony on the North Shore of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. The diet comprised a great variety of prey, with fishes
well represented. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and sand lance (Ammodytes
sp.) together constituted most of the diet, (i.e., frequency of
occurrence 66%, numerical frequency 68%, and volume 50%). Sand
lance, which were nearly absent in regurgitations from the
Estuary, were important in the diet of cormorants from the North
Shore of the Gulf. At the North Shore colony, capelin were much
more abundant in the diet in 1996 than in 1995, which correlates
with independent fisheries data. In contrast to the results of
previous studies of this cormorant's diet, our results show a
preponderance of schooling fishes over benthic species. We
suggest that this reflects a recent trend towards an increase in
the abundance of schooling fishes in the St. Lawrence Estuary and
Gulf. Overfishing of predatory fishes and oceanographic factors
could be involved.
Reinhold D. S., A. J. Mueller & Ellis
G . 1998. Observations of nesting Double-crested Cormorants in
the Delta Region of Mississippi. Colon. Waterbirds 21: 450--451.
(USDA, Anim. Plant Health Inspect. Serv., PO Box 316, Stoneville,
MS 38776, USA; EM: david.reinhold@usda.gov). ---Two nest sites of
Phalacrocorax auritus found in 1998 annual state waterfowl
survey apparently are the 2nd and 3rd known nestings
there.---
Ross R. M & Johnson J. H. 1998.
Cormorant Predation on Recently Stocked Salmonids at Stony Point,
Lake Ontario. NYSDEC Special Report, December 15, 1998.
Ryckman D.P., Weseloh D.V., P. Hamr, G.A.
Fox, B. Collins, P.J. Ewins & Norstrom R.J. 1998. Spatial and
temporal trends in organochlorine contamination and bill
deformities in Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus)
from the Canadian Great-Lakes. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment, 53(1): 169-195.
Schneider C. P. & Adams C. M. 1998.
Estimating the Size and Age of Smallmouth Bass and Yellow Perch
Consumed by Double-Crested Cormorants in the Eastern Basin of
Lake Ontario, 1998. NYSDEC Special Report, December 15, 1998.
Sepulveda M. S., R.H. Poppenga, J.J.
Arrecis & Quinn L. B. 1998. Concentrations of mercury and
selenium in tissues of Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) from southern Florida. Colonial Waterbirds, 21(1):
35-42. (Dept. Physiol. Sci., Coll. Vet. Med., Univ. Florida,
Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; EM: mariesep@ufl.edu). ---Concentrations
of over 3 mg/kg ww selenium in liver and over 2 mg/kg mercury in
brain in 57% and 37%, respectively, of 99 birds collected 1994--1997
may be causing damage.---
Blackwell B. F. & Krohn W. B. 1997.
Spring foraging distribution and habitat selection by Double-crested
cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine Usa. Colonial
Waterbirds, 20(1): 66-76.
Blackwell B. F., W. B. Krohn, N. R. Dube
& Godin A. J. 1997. Spring prey use by Double-crested
Cormorants on the Penobscot River, Maine, USA. Colonial
Waterbirds, 20(1): 77-86.
Clayton D.E. & Lovvorn J.R. 1997.
Comparison of pellets versus collected birds for sampling diets
of Double-crested Cormorants. The Condor, 99(2): 549-553. --- The Authors compared two methods of
determining diets of Double-crested Cormorants collected on the North Platte River WY before and
after fingerling trout were stocked in the river.
Custer T. W., C. M. Custer &
Stromborg K. L. 1997. Distribution of organochlorine contaminants
in Double-crested cormorant eggs and sibling embryos.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(8): 1646-1649.
Davies J. A., D. M. Fry & Wilson B. W:
1997. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity and
inducibility in wild populations of Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16: 1441-1449.
Derby C. E. & Lovvorn J. R. 1997.
Comparison of pellets versus collected birds for sampling diets
of Double-crested cormorants. Condor, 99(2): 549-553.
Diana J. S., G. Y. Belyea & R. D.
Clark Jr. (Eds.). 1997. History, status, and trends in
populations of yellow perch and Double-crested Cormorants in Les
Cheneaux Islands, Michigan. Michigan Dep. Nat. Resour. Fish. Div.
Spec. Rep. 17, 94 pp.
Farrar J. 1997. Cormorants: maligned,
misunderstood and prospering. Nebraskaland 75(4):18-27.
Haffner GD, Straughan CA, Weseloh DV
& Lazar R. 1997. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls,
including coplanar congeners and 2,3,7,8,-TCDD toxic equivalents
in double-crested cormorant and herring gull eggs from Lake Erie
and Lake Ontario: a comparison between 1981 and 1992. J Great
Lakes Res 23:52-60
Henshel DS, Martin JW, Norstrom R,
Elliott J, Cheng KM & DeWitt J.C. 1997. Morphometric
abnormalities in double-crested cormorant chicks exposed to
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls.
J Great Lakes Res., 23: 11-26.
Hill S.J., D.K. Cairns, C. Ripley, B.
Penak & Arsenault K. 1997. Numbers and diets of double-crested
cormorants on the Dunk River in spring of 1993 and 1995. Prince
Edward Island Tech Rep. Environ. Sci. No. 3.
Hunt J. D. & Evans R. M. 1997. Brood
reduction and the insurance-egg hypothesis in Double-crested
Cormorants. Colonial Waterbirds, 20: 485--491. (Dept. Zool., Univ.
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Can.)---Brood reduction at 4-egg Phalacrocorax
auritus nests was essentially obligate, with no last-hatched
chicks surviving, but survival was greater than in 3-egg nests.
Death was caused by non-aggressive competition among siblings.---
Johnson J. H., R. M. Ross & Zingo J.
M. 1997. Evidence of secondary consumption of invertebrate prey
by Double-crested cormroantss. Colonial Waterbirds, 20(3): 547-551.
Kirsch E. M. 1997. Numbers and
distribution of Double-crested cormorants on the Upper
Mississippi River. Colonial Waterbirds, 20(2): 177-184.
Korfanty C., W. G. Miyasaki & Harcus
J. L. 1997. Review of the population status and management of
Double-crested Cormorants in Ontario. Unpubl. rep. Fish Wildl.
Branch, Ontario Ministry of Nat. Resour., Peterborough.
Kuiken T., G. Wobeser, F.A. Leighton, I.
Shirley & Brown L. 1997. A modular tunnel and blind system to
reduce investigator disturbance of breeding colonial waterbirds.
Colonial Waterbirds, 20(3): 532-536.
Merrifield K. 1997. Nearshore flights of
seabirds past the Yachats River mouth, Oregon. Northwest. Nat.,
78: 93-101. (Dept. Bot. Plant Pathol., Oregon State Univ.,
Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA.)---Data for loons, shearwaters,
cormorants, pelicans, ducks, and alcids.---
Meteyer C. U., L. C. Docherty De Glaser,
J. C. Franson, D. A. Senne & Duncan R. 1997. Diagnostic-findings
in the 1992 epornitic of neurotropic velogenic Newcastle-disease
in Double-crested cormorants from the Upper Midwestern United-States.
Avian Diseases, 41(1): 171-180.
Meyers, R.A. 1997. Anatomy and
histochemistry of spread-wing posture in birds. 1. Wing drying
posture in the Double-Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax
auritus. J. Morphol., 233: 67-76.
Neuman J., D. L. Pearl, P. J. Ewins, R.
Black, D. V. Weseloh, M. Pike & Karwowski K. 1997. Spatial
and temporal variations in the diet of Double-crested cormorants
(Phalacrocorax auritus) breeding on the lower Great Lakes
in the early 1990s. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Science, 54:1569-1584.
Powell D. C., R.J. Aulerich, J. C.
Meadows, J. F. Tillitt De Powell, J. C. Restum, K. L. Stromborg,
J. P. Giesy & Bursian S. J. 1997. Effects Of 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl
(Pcb-126), 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (Tcdd), or an
extract derived from field-collected cormorant eggs injected into
Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(7): 1450-1455.
Powell D. C., R.J. Aulerich, J. C.
Meadows, D.E. Tillitt, K. L. Stromborg, T. J. Kubiak, J. P. Giesy
& Bursian S. J. 1997. Organochlorine contaminants in Double-crested
Cormorant from Green Bay Wisconsin: II. Effects of an extract
derived from cormoran eggs on the chcik embryo. Archives
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 32: 316-322.
Simmonds R. l., A. V. Zale & Leslie D.
M. 1997. Physical and biological factors affecting seasonal
Double-crested cormorant densities on Oklahoma reservoirs.
Colonial Waterbirds, 20(1): 31-40.
Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter. 1997.
Newcastle disease in Cormorants, California, USA – May 1997.
Vol 4 (3): 2. Summer.
Blackwell B. F. & Krohn W. B. 1996.
The Double-crested Cormorant in Maine - Part II: Is the cormorant
a major predator of commercial fishes? Maine Fish and Wildlife
Magazine, 38(3): 8-11.
Coon R. A., C. Simonton, E. F. Bowers
& J. L. Trapp. 1996. Migratory bird depredation permits
issued to southeast aquaculture facilities. Proc. Annu. Conf.
Southeast. Assoc. Fish Wildl. Agencies 50.
Glahn J. F. & McCoy B. 1996.
Measurements of wintering Double-crested Cormorants and
discriminant models of sex. J. Field Ornithol., 66(2): 299-304
Hanbidge B. A. & Fox G. A. 1996. Egg
characteristics, growth and developmental landmarks of known age
embryos of Double-crested cormorants from Manitoba. Colonial
Waterbirds, 19(1): 139-142.
Johnson J. H. & Ross R. M. 1996.
Pellets versus feces - their relative importance in describing
the food-habits of Double-crested cormorants. Journal of Great
Lakes Research, 22(3): 795-798.
King D. T. 1996. Movements of Double-crested
Cormorants among winter roosts in the Delta region of Mississippi.
J. Field Ornithol., 67: 205-211.
King D. J. 1996. Influence of chicken
breed on pathogenicity evaluation of velogenic neurotropic
Newcastle-disease virus isolates from Cormorants and Turkeys.
Avian Diseases, 40(1): 210-217.
Krohn W. B. & Blackwell B. F. 1996.
The Double-crested Cormorant in Maine - Part I: Concerning a
study to determine whether or not this controversial Maine nester
is a major predator of Atlantic salmon smolts in the Penobscot
River. Maine Fish and Wildlife Magazine, 38(2): 8-12.
Larson J. M., W. H. Karasov, L. Sileo, K.
L. Stromborg, B. A. Hanbidge, J. P. Giesy, P. D. Jones, Tillitt
De Verbrugge D. A. 1996. Reproductive success, developmental
anomalies, and environmental contaminants in Double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, 15(4): 553-559.
McConaughy, M. 1996. First Double-crested
Cormorant nesting in Pennsylvania. PA Birds 10: 151. --- One Phalacrocorax
auritus nest discovered and photographed in July 1996 on a
Susquehanna River island, Dauphin Co.---
Powell D. C., R. J. Aulerich, A. C.
Napolitano, K. L. Stromborg & Bursian S. J. 1996. Incubation
of Double-crested Cormorant eggs (Phalacrocorax auritus).
Colonial Waterbirds, 19: 256--259. (Anim. Sci. Dept., Michigan
State Univ., E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA.)---No eggs with blunt end
up hatched and only 54% of eggs not manually rotated hatched.---
Pyne L. 1996. Controlling cormorants: has
the time come to manage sea birds on Lake Champlain? Vermont
Outdoor Magazine. August:16-17.
Russell, I. C., P. J. Dare, D. R. Eaton
& J. D. Armstrong. 1996. Assessment of the problem of fish-eating
birds in inland fisheries in England and Wales. MAFF (Min. Agric.
Fish. Food) Proj. VC0104, Dir. Fish. Res., Lowestoft, England.
130 pp.
Watts B. D. & Bradshaw D. S . 1996.
Population expansion by Double-crested Cormorants in Virginia.
Raven 67: 75--78. (Ctr. Conserv. Biol., Coll. William & Mary,
Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.)---Phalacrocorax auritus nest
numbers increased from 8 to 402 from 1985 to 1995. Describe 5
known breeding sites.---
Acord B. R. 1995. Cormorant
Management and Responsibilities: United States Department of
Agriculture. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1):213-233.
Aderman A. R. & Hill E. P. 1995.
Locations and Numbers of Double-Crested Cormorants Using Winter
Roosts in the Delta Region of Mississippi. Colonial Waterbirds,
18(Special Publication 1): 143-151.
Anonymous. 1995. Cormorant Fishing:
"Fascinating, But Ultimately Sad". The East, 31(1): 6-
Bédard J., A. Nadeau & Lepage M.
1995. Double-Crested Cormorant Culling in the St. Lawrence River
Estuary. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 78-85.
Bédard J., A. Nadeau & Lepage M.
1995. Double-Crested Cormorant Morphometry and Field Sexing in
the St. Lawrence River Estuary. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 89-90.
Blackwell B. F , W. B. Krohn & Allen
R. B. 1995. Foods of nestling Double-crested cormorants in
Penobscot-Bay, Maine, Usa - temporal and spatial comparisons.
Colonial Waterbirds, 18(2): 199-208.
Blackwell B. F. & Sinclair J. A. 1995.
Evidence
of secondary consumption of fishes by Double-crested Cormorants. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 123: 1-4.
Brugger K. E. 1995. Double-Crested
Cormorants and Fisheries in Florida. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 110-117.
Carter H. R., A. L. Sowis, M. S.
Rodway, U. W. Wilson, R. W. Lowe, G. J. Mcchesney, E. Gress &
Anderson D. W. 1995. Population Size, Trends, and Conservation
Problems of the Double-Crested Cormorant on the Pacific Coast of
North America. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1):
189-215.
Chapdelaine G. & Bédard J. 1995.
Recent Changes in the Abundance and Distribution of the Double-Crested
Cormorant in the St. Lawrence River, Estuary and Gulf, Quebec,
1978-1990. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 70-77.
Duffy D. C. 1995. Why Is the double-Crested
Cormorant A Problem? Insights from Cormorant Ecology and Human
Sociology. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 25-32.
Erwin R. M. 1995. The Ecology of
Cormorants: Some Research Needs and Recommendations. Colonial
Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1):240-246.
Ewins P. J., D. V. Weseloh & Blokpoel
H. 1995. Within-season variation in nest numbers of Double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) on the Great Lakes -
implications for censusing. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(2): 179-192.
Glahn J. E. & Brugger K. E. 1995.
The Impact of Double-Crested Cormorants on the Mississippi Delta
Catfish Industry: A Bioenergetics Model. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 168-175.
Glahn J. E. & Stickley A. R.
1995. Wintering Double-Crested Cormorants in the Delta Region of
Mississippi: Population Levels and their Impact on the Catfish
Industry. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 137-142.
Glahn J. E., P. J. Dixson, G. A.
Littauer & Mccoy R. B. 1995. Food Habits of Double-Crested
Cormorants Wintering in the Delta Region of Mississippi. Colonial
Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 158-167.
Hatch J.J. 1995. Changing
Populations of Double-Crested Cormorants. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 8-24.
Jackson J. A. & Jackson B. J. S.
1995. The Double-Crested Cormorant in the South-Central United
States: Habitat and Population Changes of a Feathered Pariah.
Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 118-130.
Keith J. A. 1995. Management
Policies For Cormorants in Canada. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 234-237.
King D. T., J. E. Glahn &
Andrews K. J. 1995. Daily Activity Budgets and Movements of
Winter-Roosting Double-Crested Cormorants Determined by
Biotelemetry in the Delta Region of Mississippi. Colonial
Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 152-157.
Kirsch E. M. 1995. Double-Crested
Cormorants Along the Upper Mississippi River. Colonial
Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1):131-136.
Krohn W. B., R. B. Allen, J. R.
Moring & Hutchinson A. E. 1995. Double-Crested Cormorants in
New England: Population and Management Histories. Colonial
Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 99-109.
Ludwig J. P, H. J. Auman, D. V
Weseloh, G. A. Fox,J. P Giesy & Ludwig M. E. 1995. Evaluation
of the Effects of Toxic Chemicals in Great Lakes Cormorants: Has
Causality Been Established ? Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 60-69.
Milton G. R., P. J. Austin-Smith
& Farmer G. J. 1995. Shouting At Shags: a Case Study of
Cormorant Management in Nova Scotia. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 91-98.
Mott D. F. & Boyd E. L. 1995. A
Review of Techniques For Preventing Cormorant Depredations At
Aquaculture Facilities in the Southeastern United States.
Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 176-180.
Mott D.F., R.D. Flynt & King J.O.
1995. An evaluation of floating ropes for reducing cormorant
damage at catfish ponds. Proc. East. Wildl. Damage Control Conf.
6:93-97.
Nettleship D. N. & Duffy D. C.
1995. Epilogue: Cormorants, Humans and the Symposium Process.
Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1):255-256
Nettleship D. N. &Duffy D. C.
1995. Cormorants and Human Interactions: An Introduction.
Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1):3-6.
Nisbet L C. T. 1995. Biology,
Conservation and Management of the Double-Crested Cormorant:
Symposium Summary and Overview. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 247-252.
Price L M. & Nickum J. G. 1995.
Aquaculture and Birds: the Context For Controversy. Colonial
Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 33-45.
Ross R. M. & Johnson J. H. 1995.
Seasonal and annual changes in the diet of double-crested
cormorants: implications for Lake Ontario’s fishery. Great
Lakes Research Review, 2: 1-9.
Simmonds R.L.Jr., A. V. Zale & D. M.
Leslie, Jr. 1995. Depredations of catfish by Double-crested
Cormorants at aquaculture facilities in Oklahoma, p. 34-37. In R.E.
Masters and J.G. Huggins, eds. Twelfth Great Plains Wildl. Damage
Control Workshop Proc., Published by Noble Foundation, Ardmore,
Okla.
Stenzel L. E., H. R. Carter, R. P.
Henderson, S. D. Emslie, M. J. Rauzon, C. W. Page & O'brien P.
Y. 1995. Breeding Success of Double-Crested Cormorants in the San
Francisco Bay Area, California. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1):216-224.
Stickley, A.R.Jr. & J.O. King. 1995.
Long-term trial of an inflatable effigy scare device [f]or
repelling cormorants from catfish ponds. Proc. East. Wildl.
Control Conf., 6: 89-92.
Stickley, A. R., Jr., D. F. Mott, & J.
O. King. 1995. Short-term effects of an inflatable effigy on
cormorants at catfish farms. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23: 73--77. (USDA,
Anim. Plant Health Inspection Serv., Miss. Res. Stn., P.O. Box
6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.)---A human effigy was
effective in reducing Phalacrocorax auritus numbers at
catfish ponds until birds became habituated to it. Effigy use
combined with frequent harassment patrols is recommended.---
Thompson B. C., J. J. Campo &
Telfair R. C. 1995. Origin, Population Attributes, and Management
Conflict Resolution For Double-Crested Cormorants Wintering in
Texas. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 181-188.
Trapp J. L., T. J. Dwyer, J. J.
Doggett & Nickum J. G. 1995. Management Responsibilities and
Policies For Cormorants: United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special Publication 1): 226-230.
Weseloh D. V., P J. Ewins, J.
Struger, P. Mineau, C. A. Bishop, S. Postupalsky & Ludwig J.
P. 1995. Double-Crested Cormorants of the Great Lakes: Changes in
Population Size, Breeding Distribution and Reproductive Output
Between 1913 and 1991. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(Special
Publication 1): 48-59.
Williams L. L., J. P. Giesy, D. A.
Verbrugge, S. Jurzysta & Stromborg K. 1995. Polychlorinated
biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in
eggs of double-crested cormorants from a colony near Green Bay,
Wisconsin, USA. Arch.
Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 29: 327-333. [ref. 1995-2]
Banerjee M., W. M. Reed, S. D. Fitzgerald
& Panigrahy B. 1994. Neurotropic velogenic Newcastle-disease
in Cormorants in Michigan - Pathology and virus characterization.
Avian Diseases, 38(4): 873-878.
Ewins P.J. & Weseloh D.V.C. 1994.
Effects on productivity of shooting Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) on Pigeon Island, Lake Ontario, in 1993. J. Great
Lakes Res. 20(4):761-767.
Giesy J. P., Ludwig J. P. & Tillitt D.
E. 1994. Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region.
Assigning causality. Environmental Science and Technology, 28:
128A-135A.
Jones P.D., Giesy J.P. & Newsted J.L.
1994. Accumulation of 2,3,7.8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-rho-dioxin
Equivalents by Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
auritus, Pelicaniformes) Chicks in the North American Great
Lakes. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 27(2): 192-
Karwowski K. 1994. Food study of the
Double-crested cormorant, Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario, New
York, 1992. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Cortland, New York.
MacNeil D. 1994. Feeding habits of
cormorants in eastern Lake Ontario. Unpubl. Admin. Rep., New York
Sea Grant Extension Program. 12 pp.
Sanderson JT, Norstrom RJ, Elliott JE,
Hart LE, Cheng KM & Bellward G.D. 1994. Biological effects of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls
in double-crested cormorant chicks (Phalacrocorax auritus). J
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van den Berg M., Craane B.L.H.J. &
Sinnige, T. 1994. Biochemical and Toxic Effects of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and
Dibenzofurnas (PCDFs) in the Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
After In Ovo Exposure. Environmental toxicology and chemistry /
SETAC, 13(5): 803-
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Characteristics of a rapidly increasing colony of Double-crested
Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in Lake Ontario: opulation
size, reproductive parameters and band recoveries. J. Great Lakes
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polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds
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Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 24:332-344
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three fish species by Double-crested Cormorants. Condor 95: 25--32.
(DuPont Agric. Products Exp. Stn., Wilmington, DE 19880-0402,
USA; email: BruggeKE@exvax.dnet.dupont.com --- Metabolizeable
energy coefficients for fish Ictalurus punctatus (79%), Dorosoma
cepedianum (78%), and Lepomis macrochiris (75%) in diet of
captive adult Phalacrocorax auritus.---
Campo J. J., B C. Thompson, J. C.
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Stickley A., G. L. Warrick and Glahn
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Tillitt D.E., Ankley G.T., Giesy J.P.,
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Milton G. R. & Austin-Smith P. J. 1983.
Changes in the abundance and distribution of Double-crested (Phalacrocorax
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Waterbirds, 6: 130-138.
Milton G. R. & Austin-Smith P. J. 1983.
Population levels and the relationships of Double-crested (Phalacrocorax
auritus) and Great (P. carbo) cormorants to the sport and inshore
commercìal fisheries of Nova Scotia 1979-80. Unpubl. rep., Nova
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Pilon C., J. Burton & McNeil R. 1983.
Reproduction du grand cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) et du
cormorant à aigrettes (P. auritus) aux iles de la Madeleine,
Quebec. Can. J. Zool., 61: 524-30.
Pilon C., J. Burton & McNeil R.
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the Magdalen Islands, Quebec. Can. J. Zool., 61: 2733-2739.
Weseloh D. V., S. M. Teeple &
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residues in eggs, Lake Huron 1972-1973. Canadian Journal of
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Hatch J.J. 1982. The cormorants of Boston
Harbor and Massachusetts Bay. Bird Observer of Eastern
Massachusetts 10(2):65-73.
O'Meara T. E., W. R. Marion, O. B. Myers
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phosphate-mine settling ponds and natural wetlands. Proc. Annu.
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Blomme C. 1981. Status and breeding
success of double-crested cormorant in two North Channel (Lake
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Bull J. 1981. Double-crested Cormorants
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DesGranges J. L. & Reed A. 1981.
Disturbance and control of selected colonies of Doubled-crested
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Meier T. 1981. Artificial nesting
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Scharf W. C. & Shugart G. W.
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Siegel-Causey D. & Hunt C. L. Jr.
1981. Colonial defense behavior in double-crested and pelagic
cormorants. Auk, 98:522-31.
Blem C.R., W.H.N. Gutzke & Filemyr C.
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Mahoney S. A. 1980. Thermal energetics of
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Casler C. L. 1973. The air-sac
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Dunn E. H. 1975. Caloric intake of
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Dunn E. H. 1975. Growth, body components
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Ellison L.N. & L. Cleary. 1978.
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Gress F., R. W. Risebrough, D. W.
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McKenna M.G. & Allard G. E. 1976.
Avian mortality from wire collisions. North Dakota Outdoors 39(5):16-18.
[Over a three-month period,
244 dead birds were collected under high voltage transmission
lines beside two bodies of water in central North Dakota.
Recorded mortality was probably underestimated because unknown
numbers of carcasses may have been removed by scavengers or may
have fallen in inaccessible places, and crippled birds may have
swum away undetected. The American coot (88), double-crested cormorant
(52), pied-billed grebe (29), and eared grebe (26) were the most
commonly killed species. In addition, 18 ducks of 7 species died.
The authors suggest that mortality can be minimized with proper
planning and routing of power lines, including burying lines or
masking lines by structures such as bridges or trees where the
lines cross natural flyways. Other ideas presented were
establishing power line corridors through which all lines would
be routed and creating such demand that technology would be
developed and mitigation costs more acceptable.]
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Sivak J. G., J. L. Lincer and Bobier W .
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Anderson D.W. & Hamerstrom F. 1967.
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3-15.
Anderson D. W., Hickey J. J., Riseborough
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chlorinated hydrocarbon residues to breeding pelicans and
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Kury C. R. 1968. Difference in weight of
male and female cormorants. Auk 85:513.
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Lasiewski R. C. and Snyder C. K.. 1969.
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